Intro To Exercise Science Notes

Movement of the body Adaptations to movement How has EXECS evolved? Role of Pays DE Harvard Fatigue Laboratory Krause-Weber test results Professional associations American College of Sports Medicine (CACM) Developed as a â€Å"unique blend of physical education, medicine, and physiology† Provides significant public outreach Works to shape public policy Disseminates scholarly research Broad-based coursework Anatomy and physiology Biological sciences Chemistry and biochemistry Human development and psychology Mathematics and statistics PhysicsNervous System Primary functions Control systems of the body Primary component – neuron Responds to acute challenges of the body Important consideration in: Disease conditions (e. G. Cerebral palsy) Sport performance (e. G. Controlling movement) Afferent Nerves: send signals to the brain Efferent Nerves: send signals from brain to the organ/muscle Muscular System Primary function: Provide movement Primary component Types of muscle: S keletal Cardiac Smooth – muscle fiber Hypertrophy: increase in size of muscle Atrophy: decrease in size of muscleSkeletal System Primary functions: Structural framework for the body Protects underlying organs and tissues Provides a lever system for movement Serves as a storage area for minerals Primary component – minerals and cells bone Osteoporosis is a serious disease condition: bones get brittle/weak Estonian: when bones get soft Cardiovascular System Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and drugs Removing waste products from the body Primary component – heart, blood vessels, and blood Urinary System Elimination of waste productsRegulation of fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and pH Primary component – kidney Hypertension can be influenced by increasing the amount of fluid removed by the kidneys Endocrine System Regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body Primary components – endocrine glands Development o f insulin resistance leads to a disease condition known as metabolic syndrome Go over the clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors Exercise Physiology: Study of the functional and physiologic responses and adaptations that occur during and following physical activity and exercise.

Developing the Global Dimension in Schools and in Classrooms Essay

The School The school where I carried out the research for my report is St Augustine of Canterbury Roman Catholic High School in Oldham. The pupils come from a wide variety of backgrounds including English and Irish working class, Pakistani, Indian, Black Caribbean, Black African, Travellers, Polish and pupils who are of mixed race. The religions I encountered included Roman Catholic, other Christian, Muslim and Hindu. Many of the Pupils at St Augustine’s have very limited experience of the outside world due to the poorer backgrounds that they come from. The Lessons This report is based on a series of four lessons I taught to a Year 11 Citizenship class. The topic of the lesson is the continent of Africa, problems within the continent, possible solutions to the problems and their complications. The purpose of the lessons is also to create a sense of empathy in the pupils, improve their research skills, and give them the opportunity to present their findings at the end of the unit. In the first lesson, the pupils are given a map of Africa and a list of countries. They have to use the internet to find out where the countries are situated on the map. This provokes discussion over how countries in Africa were formed and how their borders were affected by Western Colonisation and the World Wars. The second part of the lesson involves a brief discussion over some of the well known problems in Africa such as Civil War, Corruption, HIV, Poverty and Famine after which the pupils will start their own powerpoint presentation describing these. The pupils are assisted in starting this with fact sheets on HIV and AIDS in Africa and on Corruption in Africa. The second lesson focuses on Civil War in Africa. The pupils are given worksheets with the names of four countries that have faced Civil War, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Sudan and Sierra Leone and questions on the impact of war in these countries. The pupils watch a trailer for the film Hotel Rwanda which focuses on the Rwandan Genocide. There is discussion on what they have seen, which expands into related topics such as refugees before they are allowed to go on the internet and research the answers to the questions for two of the countries. The second half of the lesson is spent working on the powerpoint presentations and adding some of the facts they have researched into their own presentation. The third lesson focuses on Fairtrade in Africa. The pupils are given a worksheet asking questions about Fairtrade and shown a short video on the projector promoting and explaining what Fairtrade does for African producers. The pupils are directed to the Fairtrade website in order to answer any remaining questions on their sheet. The second half of the lesson is spent finishing off their powerpoint presentations and adding facts about Fairtrade. In the fourth lesson, the pupils present their findings to the rest of the class and discuss the issues as a class, each having the opportunity to express their opinions on the topic and the different aspects they have covered. The Focus Group What did pupils learn from the lesson and how do they feel school prepares them to be part of an ethnically and religiously diverse society? I chose 4 pupils to take part in my focus group, Jodie who was very opinionated, from a white, working class background; Priya, a Hindu, Indian girl who was more quiet but got caught up in the debate; John who is from a mixed Black Caribbean and White background; and Mlala, a boy from a West African background. Jodie felt very resentful about being â€Å"forced to take Citizenship†. She felt it was a waste of time as there is no qualification or exam to sit in this subject. She felt it was a waste of time and she had very little interest in what happened in Africa, she felt it would be more relevant to study problems occurring in the UK during Citizenship lessons. During the class discussions she was unsympathetic to the plight of refugees and had strong feelings regarding their presence in the UK and on immigration as a whole. John was of a similar opinion, he thought that Africans should â€Å"sort out their own problems†. Priya defended refugees and their need to come to this country pointing out that it is not always possible for refugees to go to the next nearest country as there may be trouble within that country as well and that if there are a lot of refugees coming from countries that are close to each other that one or two countries that are stable enough to accept refugees cannot take all of the refugees. Mlala also pointed out that some of the problems that occur in Africa are a direct result of European colonisation and war. I understand why Priya and Mlala are more reluctant to get involved in the debate. To some extent they may feel that the comments are directed at them or their friends or families. They see the issues of developing countries from a different perspective. Mlala only came to the UK in the last year and has grown up in West Africa. He and his family are immigrants themselves, he dislikes the picture painted in the media but does not want to get into direct confrontation over it. Priya was born here but has strong roots in India; she has friends and family there who she visits and who have come to live in the UK more recently. I also understand where these feelings are coming from in Jodie and John in the sense that they are growing up in working class, white households which are targeted in the media to feel that immigrants and refugees are coming to the UK and making life more difficult for them affecting housing, jobs, schooling the NHS and opinions within their families are being reflected through them. Jodie and John did appear to enjoy having the opportunity to express their opinions about issues that are highlighted in the media and discussed at home. Priya and Mlala, were more reluctant to talk about the issue, I believe they may have felt uncomfortable at times about some of the issues raised and the strength of other peoples opinions, however as the debate went on they were motivated to speak to get across their own different points of view. My Reflections I felt at the end of the lessons and the focus group that something had been achieved in the sense that Jodie and John’s opinions appeared to soften and they had learned some facts that they were previously unaware of. Priya and Mlala, I hope came out of it mor confident for speaking their minds and making their opinions known. I feel that the lessons were a success in the sense that they created a framework for debate and got the pupils thinking about these issues instead of just accepting what they read in the Tabloids and hear from the people around them. When I prepared the lessons I had to stick within the framework of the the topic for problems within Africa but I feel it would be good to have the opportunity to use the topic of Africa to challenge peoples’ preconceptions of the continent and the people, perhaps by focussing on the more positive aspects of Africa in order to give the pupils a more balanced viewpoint.

Musical Theaters Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musical Theaters - Assignment Example The first factor that made musical theater leap from â€Å"Oklahoma† to â€Å"Rent† is attributed to the uniqueness of the performances in theaters. (Everett & Laired, 2009). Theaters became revolutionized in that performances included singing, acting and dancing. The actions of; singing, acting and dancing instilled new life in the theaters, and eradicated the old fashion theaters, which only involved acting. In essence, the musical, â€Å"Oh what a beautiful morning† portrayed both aspects of signing and acting. The theme of the musical contained lyrics, which inspired a great number of people, and this made the musical very appealing (Everett & Laired, 2009). The second factor that made musical theaters leap from â€Å"Oklahoma† to â€Å"Rent† is related to the society. The musical â€Å"I will† by Jonathan Larson is performed by individuals from impoverished societies faced with negative issues such as poverty and AIDS. Through this, the theater became appealing since many individuals found relevance while in the theaters. Individuals in American societies and around the world, mostly the youths, found themselves on the negative side. Musicals such as â€Å"Oh what a beautiful morning† flourished as it touched a great number of individuals. The inspiring nature of the two musicals â€Å"Oh what a beautiful morning† and â€Å"I will† added with the drama and music definitely appeals (Everett & Laired, 2009).

The United Sates' Diplomatic Trouble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The United Sates' Diplomatic Trouble - Essay Example In addition, the ideology of capitalism, and its ability to create wealth, has been treated with an almost Manifest Destiny quality as presidents have viewed it as their obligation to promote free trade around the world. Yet, many times the government has found itself mired in a military situation or occupation lasting far beyond the optimistic expectations that were presented on the initial assessments. Situations, which should lend themselves to a diplomatic solution, end up in a military response and the loss of life on all sides. These efforts have usually failed because they do not meet the liberal standard for humanitarian intervention, and the diplomacy has failed to account for the realism of a confrontational world. Woodrow Wilson pioneered modern thinking in regards to a peaceful world where liberal institutions and nations diplomatically solved their differences as opposed to military action. Yet, his administration became involved in a lengthy occupation at Vera Cruz Mexico, which began as a simple arms seizure. While Wilson was seen as a man of peace, this reach across international borders in April 1914 would cost 300 Mexican lives and lingers today as a sign of Yankee Imperialism and gunboat diplomacy (Fagen 686). In his efforts to extend humanitarian intervention into Mexico, he had failed to calculate and consider the reaction of the Mexicans. He had placed the ethics of installing a legitimate government over the reality of the situation. According to Quirk, "combined with his sincere and heartfelt confidence in mans reasonability, was Wilsons almost perverse conviction that he, himself, was perpetually right. He did not seek advice. Other mens opinions did not really concern him, unle ss they should happen to coincide with his" (29). This is the danger of liberalistic attitudes in international affairs. They often assume an almost religious fervor. The incident was precipitated when American citizens conducting

Extent and characteristics of Rape in the United States Research Paper

Extent and characteristics of Rape in the United States - Research Paper Example Rape may be carried out on male or female victim by male or female offender i.e. may be a heterosexual or homosexual activity. Sexual assaults, apart from rape, also include attempted rape whereby victim is threatened with fear of being committed a rape on. It also includes forcibly fondling, touching and grabbing victim in a sexual manner against his or her will. The detailed scope of these criminal activities has been discussed later in this paper. National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted semi-annually at national level, examining population of approximately 90,000 people. Interviews are conducted and samples are randomly selected and changed after certain lapse of time to identify recurring instances. Responses are critically and thoroughly analyzed before conclusion is made about characteristics and extent of sexual assaults (Rand & Saltzman, 2003). Therefore, results are highly accurate and reliable and have been made as a sound basis of this research paper. This paper e ntails detailed metrics of occurrence of rapes and sexual violence across the United States. It also describes and analyzes the motives behind sexual offences and corresponding preventive measures to mitigate the probability of occurrences of this social evil to a minimum. Scope of activities The legal definition and meaning of activities, involving sexual violence, is different according to different jurisdictions and prevailing legal frameworks or constitutions. Sexual violence may include successfully committing, attempting to commit but unsuccessful or otherwise threatening to commit such acts of rape or sexual assault. Commercial pornographic business and professional prostitution are not considered to be part of definition of rape and sexual assaults. There are various modes of sexual assault and victimization, as suggested by Koss, Gidycz and Wisniewski in their book, including: Persistent and pressurizing demands by an individual, leading to sexual foreplay or intercourse; e xploitation of authority or dominating position by an individual, leading to sexual foreplay or intercourse; coercion and physical violence, by an individual, to force indulgence in sexual foreplay or intercourse; indulgence in sexual intercourse subsequent to being drugged or overdosed with alcohol by another individual; attempt by an individual to engage in sexual intercourse through physical force or usage of drugs or alcohol, but intercourse couldn’t occur; and coercion and physical violence, by an individual, to force indulgence in other sexual activities including anal intercourse, oral intercourse or penetration by sex toys. (Koss, Gidycz & Wisniewski, 1987) Summary of Statistics National Crime Victimization conducts periodic surveys across different territories to identify instances of rapes and sexual violence acts and quantify their frequency of occurrence and other metrics such as characteristics of offenders and victims, favorable and unfavorable circumstances lea ding to such situations and other factors that affect the likelihood of occurrence of such evils. According to recent statistics obtained through studies and research by these authorities, the aggregate rate of sexual assaults committed with females in the United States declined 64% through 1995 to 2005 and remained static upto 2010. As in 2010, there were 270,000 sexual violence a

Career review and action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career review and action plan - Essay Example This self-awareness forms part of what Goleman calls ``emotional intelligence which is an important emotional competency and cornerstone in one’s personal success. (McCarthy and Garavan 1999). Concretely, emotional intelligence is defined as a â€Å"form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action† (Salovey & Mayer, 1990 cited in Cherniss, 2000 pg. 4). Emotional intelligence is not only beneficial to me in terms of enhancing my professional success through social competency but could also improve my relationship to others. This improved relationship with others has several beneficial implication. On a personal level, it will improve my personal relationship with others making my personal life richer and fuller. On a professional level, it will make me an effective member of any organization be it a b usiness organization or a simple sports team. Self-awareness with a conscious effort to improve, to understand oneself as one relates to other people is an indispensable skill and trait that one must have if one is to succeed in one’s personal career particularly if it involves people. It is because getting things done particularly on large scale involves working with other people from varying background (social, education, culture, etch), other teams and the ability to work with others requires emotional and social competency to effectively relate to others of which self-awareness is a requisite. Psychometric and personality test are useful tools that help determine ones personality, character and motivation that would serve as a guide or signpost in charting one’s action plan. As the legendary strategist Sun Tzu said that knowing oneself is half in winning a battle. This

Increasing Literacy and Reading Competency of a Four-Year Old Learner Assignment

Increasing Literacy and Reading Competency of a Four-Year Old Learner - Assignment Example appraisement, educational adjustment profile (EAP), specialist report, assessment - minimum 3 types, research literature - minimum 4). 2. Use positive language to highlight what the student can currently achieve. Do not use a deficit approach. Avoid comparisons with the norm. I am particularly interested in finding out about the student's interests, likes and dislikes and learning characteristics. What do you already know about what works for this student Melanie (pseudonym name) is a healthy four year-old girl, currently attending K1 in Modern Montessori International Group (MMI). Through the use of appraisement observation (Wood, 1992), it has been noted that when she is asked to read a selection and later on asked of what she has understood about it, she loses track of the entire reading subjecting her to forgetting even the simple words that she has already come across within the reading. Besides that, it could be noted too that even though she is asked with regards the meaning of the words that she was already given familiarity to while reading the material given to her, she has the hardest time remembering them during the first time of questioning. If closer observance is paid to the reading process of Melanie at home, it would likely lead to different end results, as per suggested by the Educational Adjustment Profile (Balasundarm, 1998). If one lets her read a line that includes very simple words that she already knows or has come across earlier, there is no reason why she could not finish the task. As for a fact, she will readily do the reading from the beginning of the text as required continuously up until the end of the reading piece. However relating the different meaning of the words in the reading becomes a hard matter for her to complete. Through the use of one-to-one assessment method (Steven, 2008), I, as the teacher of Melanie, was able to observe her different developments based from the number of practices and trainings that she has undergone such as phonics, reading comprehension and other word based programmes that are all aimed to help an individual verbally comprehend with written pieces of reading. Through a systematic process of gathering the data I was able to keep a record on how well my niece is making improvement based from the daily activities that I handle with her in a regular basis. I used both formal and informal assessments to ensure that the Melanie is making progress. This means that the assessment could happen during or even after classes (ASHA, 2009). Through this mandated procedure, I am sure to be able to help Melanie enhance her skills on understanding words and their context even after class allowing her to see things in a practical manner. As noted through the said observation I learned h ow my niece has become much patient and perseverant in accepting the lessons I present to her making her better acquainted with the lesson thus pushing her to develop further in her learning. Planning (350 words) 1. From what you know about the student, prepare an individualised education plan (IEP) for

New World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New World - Essay Example To begin with, John Smith was an English voyager, who was also a soldier and writer by choice; As a matter of fact, he was most well-known for his part in the establishment of the so-called first eternal English colony in the New World at Jamestown, Virginia. Smiths myth has grown-up over the periods, precisely due to the widespread story of his connection with Pocahontas, who was well known as a Native American princess. Through his writing the whole world was able to know him more closely and for them the most common characteristics figure associated with him was notorious self-promoter. His writing about himself, narrating various incidents of his life also gives a clear picture about him.. Smith, whose histories deliver ample of what is recognized about Pocahontas, was part of a provisional group of some 100 men assigned the charge of developing an American cluster on behalf of the London-based Virginia Company. Way back in April 1607, three of the company boats reach the coast o f Virginia and a group volunteered ashore. â€Å"What they found, one of the actual settlers wrote in a near-swoon, were "fair meadows and goodly tall Trees, with such Fresh-waters running through the woods.† In this line, if one analyzes the movie then it is very clear that there is the number of resemblance between the movie and the story of Smith. Dargis in his review has mentioned that the director opens the movie "The New World" with pictures of moving water, skinny-dippers shot from below and the lady who soon recognized by the viewer’s as Pocahontas when she pronounces something which sounds like a prayer (sing the song of a land). Then, after a brief recognition categorization, James Horner's music gives way to tweeting birds, blustering breeze and â€Å"what might be the rumble of distant thunder or a cannon blast.

Compare and contrast Russo-Chechen wars to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Essay

Compare and contrast Russo-Chechen wars to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Discuss with special reference to theories of conflict - Essay Example A similar massacre of Azerbaijanis followed in the Armenian city of Spitak. The Armenian protests against Azerbaijan based on Nagorno-Karabakh actually started in the perestroika spirit, but it immediately turned out to be a political organisation called Karabakh Committee that stood for an extensive anticommunist coalition for national sovereignty and democracy. 1 Similarly, the war between Russia and Chechnya started with the ambition of the former to topple the latter’s president through military intervention. The military intervention turned out to be a complete warfare against the people of Chechnya through the invasion and brutal bombing of civil areas in an awkward attempt to bring down the Dudayev regime. The war also awoke the dormant fighting spirit of the Chechens which they had gained from their long martial tradition with roots from a century long, persistent warfare with the imperialist Russian empire in the nineteenth century. 2 The mounting loss on the Russian side provoked its generals to make a quick response to the Chechen resistance through indiscriminate artillery and aerial bombardment on Chechnya’s capital. The death toll of people in the city was huge and the city was levelled in every part in an attempt by Russia to subdue the Chechen defenders. 3 The conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous area to separate from Azerbaijan and merge with Armenia that started in 1988 was called illegal with reference to the Soviet Constitution of 1978 that allowed merger of a region to another nation only with the permission of the home republic. The conflict in Southern Ossetia since 1990 is a similar case where the autonomous region is a part of north eastern Georgia and the war was provoked by the national administration and supported by the imperialists in Moscow. The support from Moscow was to weaken Georgia. The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict has been the bloodiest of all wars in the region. Though there are differences in

Crisis Management Communication Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crisis Management Communication - Case Study Example Timothy Coombs developed a three-phase situational crisis communication theory that has been adopted by organizations to handle the crisis. According to this model, communication during a crisis takes three steps which include the pre-crisis communication approach, crisis management communication and post crisis approaches. In 2010, British Petroleum (BP) experienced one of the major crisis to affect the company when one of its offshore drilling sites leaked, leading to a major spill in the gulf of Mexico. This spillage led to the loss of 11 lives and the loss of millions of gallons of crude oil from the drilling reservoir (Coombs & Holladay, 2001). The spillage affected the reputation of the company as it was exposed to major media scrutiny as their mitigation approaches were under scrutiny. However, with the help of the United States government, the oil spill was contained and the company compensated those who lost their lives in the crisis. In this paper, Coombs situational communication model during the crisis will be used to evaluate the approaches that were adopted during the crisis. The organization’s ability to prepare for the crisis and address the concerns during the crisis will be addressed. At the end of the crisis, the company was left with a tainted image from massive media scrutiny making post-crisis communication approaches essential to determine how the company regained its image (Wolf & Merji, 2013). Pre-crisis communication is an anticipatory approach adopted by organizations to prepare for how to handle the pressures of a crisis and how the crisis may expose them in a bad light. During this phase, early signs of a crisis are evaluated and the company makes frantic efforts to address them and ensure that any challenges that may arise are addressed promptly. Before the BP oil crisis, a breach of cement seals at the bottoms of the wells was noted.  

The Fuss about the North East New Territories Development Plan Essay Example for Free

The Fuss about the North East New Territories Development Plan Essay The Government should go ahead in order to accommodate the overspill and the fast growing population , alleviate socio-economic problems in inner cities by creating a pleasant environment with adequate amenities and job vacancies and boost Hong Kong economy, Although there are some voices arguing that the North East New Territories New Development Plan are not a good policy by saying that the plan will destroy our beautiful natural landscape, the truth is with good urban planning, those three new towns will be sustainable and the benefits they brought will definitely outweigh the drawbacks of the plan. In the past ten years, the population of Hong Kong had grown relatively rapidly by 0. 66 million , compare with our neighborhood, Macau, which only had about 0. 11million growth in the population in the same period . With such a significant increase, this give rise to the problem of inadequate housing. A high demand but limited supply, the price of house skyrocketed to a level that most of the people cannot burden. Therefore, in order to accommodate the new immigrants and the low-income group in Hong Kong, the North East New Territories New Development Plan may be a solution to this problem. The plan will provide sufficient area which is in low density planning and greenery to accommodate about 131,000 people in total, including 65,000 people in Kwu Tung North, 48,000 people in Fanling North and 18,000 people in Ping Che . With the planning that puts stress on low building and population density, more open space and greenery, those new towns will cope with the surrounding environment to form a compatible and concinnity environment for people to live their lives. Nowadays, new immigrants or grassroots citizens who are waiting for public housing have no choice but lives in the squatters, roof-top structure, coffin home or even cage house in the inner city, such as Sham Shui Po, Mong Kok, etc. Those places have congested living condition, some of them may even are the pre-war buildings which are dilapidated. They usually share the bathroom and kitchen. This may cause an insanitary environment among the buildings. Also, most of the people living are either grassroots citizens or elderly. As the urban planning is poor in the past, there aren’t enough recreational amenities for them to use. Hence may lead to social problem, such as fire hazard like the one just happen few months ago at the Fa Yuen Street. Besides of social problem, economic problem may arise, too. As people may not want to work at a remote area, they may apply the near-by job. But, there are so many people concentrated in a small area, the job vacancies may not sufficient to support such a huge population in the area. Therefore some of them may become unemployed, hence, they may have economic problem, which means they can’t even earn a living. With the well planned plan of the new towns, the three new towns have different theme. The theme of Kwu Tung North, Fanling North and Ping Che are mixed develop zone, riverside township and quality business residential area respectively. There will be jobs provided to fulfill the population there, too. For instance, in Kwu Tung North, there will have approximately 26000 job vacancies, in Fanling North, there will be about 6200 job vacancies provided and in Ping Che there will be about 13000 job vacancies . Moreover, the three new towns are enjoying locational factors, they will locate near by the edge of Hong Kong, where close to China, there are lots of job opportunities in the mainland, and therefore some of them may even work in Shen Zhen. This will definitely solve the unemployment problem that happened in the inner city. The development of the three new towns will also contribute to the economic growth in Hog Kong. The new town development plan has offer development spaces for the six industries promoted by the Government, they include testing and certification services, medical services, innovation and technology, cultural and creative industries environmental industries and education services . These six industries enhance the competitiveness of Hong Kong in the Pearl River Delta and generate so many job opportunities just like I mentioned before. Under the aforementioned reasons, I hold my firm believe that the North East New Territories New Town Development plan is going to bring along with so many benefits. Although some parties are concerning about the natural landscape will be destroyed, with good urban planning and restriction of the height of the buildings, the area must going to be as good as now or even better. If we only focus on protecting the environment but neglect the needs of the people in the city, the city still can’t be sustainably developed. Only to strike a sensible balance between economy development and environmental conservation, then the city will head to the right track which is sustainably developed. Therefore I will definitely support the North East New Territories Development Plan, but only under the circumstances that the Government could strike a balance between economy development and environmental conservation.

Singapore’s Economic Competitiveness

Singapore’s Economic Competitiveness Introduction According to the global competitiveness report 2014-2015, Singapore has retained their place as the most competitive economies in the South East Asia. Singapore’s economic rank second in the world just behind the country Switzerland for the fourth consecutive. Singapore had owning an outstanding and stable performance across all the dimensions of the GCI. In addition, Singapore had tops the goods market efficiency pillar and ranks second in the labor market efficiency. Over decade years, Singapore unemployment rate has obviously decreasing, this refer Singapore’s labor force has strong active population toward to work in order stimulate the development to the country. Furthermore, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Singapore tremendously expanded 3.20 percent in the first quarter 2015 over the previous quarter. 2.0 The Cause of the High Economic Competitiveness in Singapore Macroeconomic environment Regional Co-operation As the globalization permeates our modern world, change can be said to be only constant to Singapore. As Singapore celebrates its Jubilee year, contemplating where it stands in ASEAN is important to carve out a path to keep constantly develop to successful country. The future of Singapore should not only improve within it country to remain ahead and relevant, Singapore should also to consider how the world affects us. Hence, Singapore need to building stronger ties in between neighbors countries. The association of South East Asian nation known as ASEAN is a 12 member international body, that’s consists the country of: China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, India and Singapore. The objective of ASEAN is aim to promote collaboration and co-operation among its member states as well as to advance the interest of the region as whole, including economic and trade growth (). Singapore had a crucial role in building economic ties within the region of ASEAN, it lead Singapore economic market trading with ASEAN countries. As Asia’s most mature financial center, Singapore has a key role to play in ASEAN’s economic transformation. It attracted more public and private funding through export agencies or bank to invest Singapore to trade finance to allow more Asian companies to reach global market. As today prosperous of China, Singapore has to working with China to explore more new opportunities to maintain it economic position. Singapore integration with China will be inevitable in near future, it may allow Singapore be able to maintain independence through economic ties with the US market. According to China moving up the value chain, Singapore will need to build stronger diplomatic with China in order to further exploring Sino-Singapore co-investment in other market. The developing of Sino-Singapore co-investment will benefits to Singapore and even to ASEAN could be profitable as it rides on the trend of growing outbound Asian foreign direct investment to other high-growth market. Global Economic Outlook Global growth is forecast at 3.5 percent in 2015 and 3.8 percent in 2016, global economic growth remains moderate with uneven prospects across the main countries and regional. In year 2015, World Economic Outlook (WEO) report that the outlook of global advanced economic compare relative to last years has improving, while growth in emerging market and developing economies is projected to be lower, primarily reflecting weaker prospects for some large emerging market economies and oil-exporting countries. In the United States, underlying growth has remained solid all time. However, while lower energy prices have boosted growth momentum in the United States, they pose downside risk to the Canadian economy owing to the relatively large size of its energy sector. The economy of United Stated has been resilient to the weaker external conditions and the strengthening dollar. Besides that, United States has shown solid improvement into labor market and business as well as the consumer behavior. It may develop United States on labor market to recovery fast pace, boosting household incomes and confident. In the Europe area, activity was weaker than expected in the middle part of 2014 as private investment remained weak. Although growth was stronger than expected in fourth quarter, but uncertain still across countries. The substantial QE program carries out by the European Central Bank can have positive effect on sentiment, but whether it will product critical effect to boost the growth outlook is debated. In the financial market of Europe, pricing in the ECB policy actions positively remained supportive. ECB’s action will able to improve financial conditions in order to boost economic into the stronger momentum at end of 2015. Microeconomic Environment Improve Innovation and Reformation In the microeconomic environment of Singapore, Singapore improve it country innovation and reformation to increase competitiveness. These innovation and reformation allow Singapore boosts it economic to moving upward. An innovation and reformation can be created in many ways, which can be in sector of technological or sector of science innovation. No matter what type innovation or reformation is, it should helpful Singapore development into a modern city. New innovation and reformation will helps Singapore industries to save much time toward work and labor force. Innovations stands a vital role to transforming Singapore to developing country to a modern industries economy in one generation and keep innovating so Singapore will able to stay competitive in the global economy. Human Capability Singapore had strong education system to enhance it country human capability. Singapore student are aims high and they achieve a very good result. Education in Singapore is managed by Minister of Education (MOE), which control the development and administration of state school as well as has advisory and supervisory role in respect of private schools. MOE provided a good environment with capable leader and teachers and also perfect facilities to the youth which are helpful to develop student skill and knowledge in order to take Singapore forward to maintain it economic competitiveness in future. Moreover, Singapore education systems are best and has been recognize in the world, this bringing tremendously opportunity to Singapore residents which allow them to survive in global challenge. Singapore has achieved almost universal education at each level of schools which will able to enhance student human capability to prepare them for knowledge based-economic and help to build national i dentity. 3.0 The Challenge to Singapore’s economic competiveness Lacking of natural resource Singapore has limited land area and limited of natural resource, it will cause Singapore facing challenge to further developing without any of this natural resource. Singapore is a small island nation with over 5.3 million people, but it is face difficult problem with their insufficient of resource to supply to these 5.3 million residents. The major natural resources issue that Singapore facing are, limited natural freshwater resources and limited land availability presenting waste disposal problem and so on. It could lead the problems to Singapore that people have no access to clean water in time of future and quarter of people will lack adequate housing. Meanwhile, lack of resource will create wide-range problems such as unemployment, housing and people which will affect their life system. Domestically, Singapore does not have enough arable land to produce its own food, it heavily relies on imports which will result the price are extremely expensive to it residents. Lacking of natural resource will also slower down Singapore economic growth as well as affect to the overall GDP on economic development. With limited natural resource, Singapore will unable to produce more domestic goods to export to other countries which will become barriers to it economy when competitive to other developing country. Human Resource Development Hamper A confidence labor market is the great asset of country. Singapore labor market had insufficient skill and unskilled worker in today workforce. Due environment changing rapidly with the jobs, the criteria of jobs will be different and skill will need to change, it should not remain on the past. When worker lack of skill and unskilled to enter the workforce, it may take a certain time to train them in order to join workforce, more or less it will affect the productivity of Singapore hamper. Meanwhile, it will also affect Singapore economy downturn. When workers are unskilled, it may lead to low morale among worker which results in worker turnover. In addition, Singapore unemployment rate will be increase when worker didn’t adopt a new idea and new skill. Nevertheless, Singapore productivity rate will decrease due to unskilled worker not well knows to perform their jobs confidently. Unskilled worker spend considerable time to perform their jobs based on their own understanding which affect detriment of the work process. This could also lead errors and injury on workplace. Furthermore, supervisor and other worker need to spend time to monitoring unskilled worker, which detracts from their work and increases the amount of time necessary to complete production. Singapore facing uncertain economy problem which people unwilling continue upgrading and economics growth will be in period of recession. 4.0 The economic strategies and government policies for Singapore future improvement Energy efficiency and renewable resources As Singapore is city-state with lack land area to development, it is not particular rich in natural resources. The challenge that Singapore is facing on management water resource has been a country across the globe. Thus, Singapore has to carry out with an efficient water management policy to ensure sustainability of water over the period of time. Singapore should further devise water management strategies to manage limited water resource. Singapore should through research and technology to found an integrated with further carry effective and cost-efficient ways to solve water supply issue. Singapore’s national water agency PUB has implemented a policy to provide diversified supply of water. These plenty water supply consist the method of: local catchment water, imported water, highly-purified reclaimed water also known as NEWater and desalinated water. Moreover, the sustain increasing demand in energy, government of Singapore should developing the technology for various source of renewable resource in Singapore and to leverage on renewable resources to implement in large scale and commercially viable manner. Renewable resources have become a focal point of the environment movement in both politically and economically and energy obtained from renewable resources put less strain on the limited supply of non-renewable resources. Singapore government should use of bios mass as renewable resource. Bios mass is any derived organic matter, which is available on a renewable basis. On the other hand, bios mass able stored solar energy that can be converted into electricity or fuel. Singapore has great potential to harness solar energy due to this country located in the equatorial belt. Singapore able builds a solar power manufacturing plant to product solar energy. The solar energy plant able to produce wafer, cells and modules in the ways for used to generate solar power. Use Solar energy is lead to reduce the demand of electric current and solar power is much reliability than electricity. Urban Planning to Singapore An urban planning is planned for Singapore for a long-term sustainability to further developing Singapore to a better country. The main objective urban planning of Singapore is to priority ensuring catering for the economic growth and a good quality of life as well as maintains the clean garden city and making the best of using resources. An urban plan approach to sustainable development is far-sighted, holistic and comprehensive planning to Singapore, which able to help Singapore take into account of the global changing as well as future development through an integrate planning process. An urban planning is significantly in development future of Singapore, it should also offer a good quality of life for all residents. Thus, the key aspect of urban planning is in ensuring that housing is available and affordable. With over 50 million people in Singapore, land is important to set aside for variety of housing type to meet various types of needs and aspiration. So, the range to purchasing of house should provide from affordable and quality high rise public housing where allow 80 per cent of the population lives. As Singapore is the city to address complex urbanization and uncertain environmental challenges of the future, there is a necessary to seeking out viable new ideas, innovation, technologies and other solution to against with the global economic changing. That’s the reason why Singapore developing living laboratory. Numerous of companies and research institute are in partner with urban planning authority of Singapore developed new technologies and have been testing out the new urban solution that can be commercialized and replicated elsewhere. In order to Singapore create cooler and more comfortable environment that every people could enjoy, urban redevelopment authority also known as URA is leading an ongoing climatic mapping island-wide study that examines the impact of building, greenery and urban space on micro-climatic conditions like air flow and temperature. The aim of urban design study is to help Singapore design strategies that can leverage on climatic conditions to c reate better living environment. 5.0 Conclusion While the economy will move upward and downturn in the long run, it is hard predictable what will happen in the future development of Singapore. Singapore may face uneven challenge in the future, in keeping the economy strong, raising total fertility and further to growth competitiveness while global economy changing rapidly. However, with the government policy play important role to maintain upgrade and keep priming the economic development; this could lead Singapore to stand great confidence in against global economic competitiveness. In the global economic, Singapore remain confident that the global economy able to gain momentum due to US economy set accelerate to itself fastest pace and oil price remain low. With good reputation on trading experience in import, export market and shipping market, Singapore able to integrate with other countries develop more competitiveness market. More or less, it could also boost Singapore economy to a better result in consumer confidence. Singap ore will able to keep growing as modest city with it strong economic system in competitions of globalization

Piagets Theory Of Child Development

Piagets Theory Of Child Development ‘Grand development theory: outline the strengths and weaknesses of Piagets theory of child development. Do you think that Piaget s theories still have an important place in modern psychology?’ Introduction In the 20s century, the first main theory of child development was established by Jean Piaget (Miller, 2011:649). Piaget’s contribution (1986-1980) has had great impacts on progress developmental psychology, particularly in the area of child and cognitive development. He also used a scientific method to understand developmental cognition among infancy and childhood (Oates Grayson, 2004: 14). Piaget tried to know the root of intelligence in infancy and the change of their knowledge which occur over the period of time. He thought children pass a series of cognitive phases in the same order (Bernstein Roy, 2008: 464). Although Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has criticized due to defect in some respects (Lourenco Machado, 1996), his notions about children and their cognitive development have significant effected on developmental psychology (Bernstein Roy, 2008: 464). This assignment firstly will demonstrate Piaget’s contribution in the field of child de velopment .it then it shows the weaknesses of Piaget’s theory about cognitive development among children. And it then describe Piaget’s theory and modern psychology. Piaget Contribution Piaget is a professional expert in the field of cognitive development. Beilin (1992: 191, cited in Shaffer Kipp, 2010: 278) put it, â€Å"assessing the impact of Piaget on developmental psychology is like assessing the impact of Shakespeare on English literature or Aristotle on philosophy—impossible†. Furthermore, another famous expert in the field of child development his name is Flavall also stated that â€Å"many of Piaget’s contributions have become so much a part of the way we view cognitive development nowadays that they are virtually invisible† (Flavell, 1996: 202, cited in Kail, 2012: 179). In terms of children’s thinking, Piaget revealed that children’s thinking is not as same as adults. Piaget emphasized that children require obtaining experience to learn. Then they can create their own plan and vary them in necessary time. This method to teach children was very diverse if comparing with other approach which had before him. Hence Piaget has a substantial effect on the education of children (Westman and Costello, 2011: 16). With respects of applying Piaget’s theory to educate children, the Piaget’s approach of education has had a profound effect on education process. Piaget’s developmental theory has had three major implications for educating children. Firstly, in terms of â€Å"readiness†, children have to be taught according to their ability particularly the teaching of science and mathematics. In addition, the tasks which are set by the teachers have to be appropriate to the level of children’s perception and cognition. Secondly, as regards curriculum, teaching recourses such as science and math should involve concrete materials which students can use them skillfully. Thirdly, children learn from self-activity and actions and teachers must understand every child’s requirements in order to build knowledge in terms of their needs (Gross, 2010: 538). Piaget transformed cognition into developmental science. Piaget proved that cognition is the main part of the science of cognitive development. He also demonstrated why the processes of cognition are the central of development psychology and offered some approaches which can be employed to test them (Kail, 2012: 179). Piaget provided the development psychology with a completely new notion about children’s nature, and the cognition of child development how and when occurs. Hence the role of Piaget in the development of cognition was as similar as Chomskys influence on the development of language (Flavell, 1996: 200). Piaget exposed the stages of cognitive development among children. Feldman (2013: 352) state that â€Å"No theory of cognitive development has had more impact than that of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget† .He thought that children pass a series of four phases in unchangeable order. Piaget preserved that the cognitive stages vary not merely in the quantity of knowledge at each phases, however, in the quality of understanding and information as well (Feldman, 2013: 352). the weaknesses of Piaget theory Despite all of these Piaget’s contribution, his theory about the child development has been criticized by some psychologists in order to reveal some weaknesses. His theory has some shortcomings which including underestimate and overestimate child’s capacity, ignoring culture influence on child development and methodological limitations. Piaget underestimated and overestimated children capability. Underestimate of infancy and childhood’s competence and overestimate the capability of adolescents could be considered as a major defect in Piaget’s theory. The contemporary science of child development has exposed that toddlers and infants have capability more than Piaget’s expectation (Kail, 2012:180). Some skilled cognition among children appears earlier than Piaget realized and others emerge latter (Carpenter, 2011, cited in Santrock, 2011:50). As an example, evidences have been revealed that object performance in children start to develop 3 to 4 months earlier than he believed (Baillargeon, 2002; Wang, Baillargeon, Paterson, 2005, cited in Weiten, 2010: 456). This means infants have greater ability to understand objects than Piaget thought (Kail, 2012:181). However, some adolescent’s competence was overestimated by Piaget’s cognitive theory (Cacioppo and Freberg, 2013: 531). According to Piaget children in formal operation stage can understand the principles of math (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo, 2013: 340). Nevertheless, Cacioppo and Freberg (2013: 531) state that Piaget was very wrong because of the level of children’s thinking is not fully mature, hence they cannot think logically. Piaget ignored cultural influence on cognitive development Another criticism which has directed Piaget’s theory is that the impact of social environment and cultural factors in child’s cognitive development were paid small attention by Piaget (Costello Westman, 2001:138). Cultural and life pattern has more effect than Piaget thought on cognitive development. As an example, nomadic tribe does not interest in counting objects. Thus nomadic children learn conservancy of figures later than in Western culture (Franzoi, 2011:237). Another illustration of this the children in Hausa tribe in Nigeria do not know about conservation principles, because families in this tribe send their children to the school in early age (Fahrmeier, 1978, cited in Martin, Carlson and Buskist, 1997: 513). Although the impact of cultural factors on the rate of cognitive development was admitted by Piaget, the contemporary science of developmental psychology has found that culture has a great role in child’s thinking as well (Gauvain, 2001; Rogoff, 1 998, 2003, cited in Shaffer Kipp: 280). At the same time Piaget neglected social interaction among individuals in cognitive development (Shaffer Kipp: 280). Interaction with peers, family members even whit teachers led to develop children understands. Piaget sometimes mentioned the influence of social environment and he did not ignore it at all (Kail, 2012:181). He believed that social interaction assists children to avoid egocentric tendency. However he did not find how social interaction assists child’s development (Fleming, 2004: 30) Methodological and approach barriers. Piaget’s theory has been criticized not only with regard to problem of estimate children ability but his theory has some problem in terms of the principles of developmental science. In terms of observe his infants; Piaget has not observed a great variety of children, Instead of Piaget examines 30 or 40 children in his research to find a respectable result he studied his own children at the â€Å"Rousseau Institute†. This means he has a small case study, the probability of biases in interpretable behavior of his own children, the difficulty in controlling environment and making his observation only in the laboratory (Miller, 2012, 85) Piaget usually utilized the clinical method. Employing clinical method to observe children might lead to give different questions to different children. However, uniform materials, instructions and measures of answer questions are the spine of experimental psychology (Miller, 2012, 85). Modern psychologists have been frustrated by Piaget’s reports of his experiment. Piaget did not mention bout the level of social economy of children, the number of participants, participant’s race and even he did not give us enough detail about his testing procedures as well. It might be difficult to decide whether Piaget is describing to children hypothetically or he really tested children. Piaget was poor in analyze of statistics. In his words, â€Å"Psychologists over-generalized their methods and arrived at delightful trivialities, particularly when an army of scientists translated their results into mathematical terms† (1918, p. 63). Furthermore, â€Å"acute observation, especially when made by [a good observer] . . . , surpasses all statistics† (1936/1952, p. 72, cited in Miller, 2012, 85-86). Statistical summaries were not given by Piaget about his discovery, he supplied a specimen protocols which are lengthy interpreted by Piaget. Therefore he read s frequently cannot understand Piaget’s themes easily (Miller, 2012, 85-86). Piaget and modern psychology Despite all of these shortcomings, Piaget has remained as a substantial character in the realm of cognitive psychology (Lourenco Machado, 1996, cite in Woolf, Namy, Lynn and Lilienfeld, 2011: 375). Nowadays, based on Piaget’s theory the science of cognitive development has been re-conceptualized by psychologists (Woolf, Namy, Lynn and Lilienfeld, 2011: 375). Moreover, according to Fleming (2004: 31) the influence of Piaget’s theories on cognitive development among children will probably continue for a long time. Piagets Theory of Child Development Piagets Theory of Child Development The first two years are very important in a child development. In this essay you will find the key concepts and theories of cognitive, social and emotional development in infancy. I am going to explain what cognitive development is and focus on cognitive theory of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and acquisition of language and perception. This essay will tell you what are the most common emotions of infants and what can causes it. Also, it will introduce you to psychoanalytical theories of a child development by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson and the differences between it. What is more, I will explain what attachment is and the importance of it, also, explain Bowlbys attachment theory and how attachment develops during the first two years. In this essay I will explain why social workers need to know child development theories and why they may come in contact with the infant and his or her family. Infancy. Infancy is the period of human development from birth to around 18 24 months. The period of infancy is loosely defined and depends on social convention. Infants depend on more mature caregivers to meet all their needs, who support their development (Davies, 2008). One of the main issues of development is nature versus nurture. The supporters of nature emphasize the importance of genes and biology. According to them, all normal children achieve the same development milestones at similar times and differences among children occur due to differences in genetic makeups. Meanwhile, nurture supporters emphasize environment-conditions and events outside the person (Sigelman, 1999). Cognitive development Cognitive theories emphasize mental aspects of development, for example logic and memory. Jean Piaget was one of the most influential theorists of development psychology. He had been studying childrens development of logical thinking for six decades (Boyd, Bee, 2009). The success of Piaget theory is largely due to accurate observations of his children at home (Slee, 2002). According to Piaget the childs ability to think, reason and understand the world is rapidly growing during the first two years of life. He or she is an active participant in growth process (Slee, 2002). Piaget claims that key elements in cognitive development are assimilation and accommodation. When a child incorporates new information into existing patterns of thought and behaviour assimilation occurs. Meanwhile, during accommodation the infant has to change an existing structure in order to deal with new information (Slee, 2002). Piaget believed that the process of learning is intrinsically satisfying to the infant. Moreover, the first 18 months of life represent enormous gains in the infants intellectual development. (Slee, 2002, p.143) Piaget divided cognitive development into four major periods. The period from birth to age 2 is called sensorimotor stage (Sigelman, 1999). Throughout this stage the infant is actively discovering about the world and his or her effects upon it. (Durkin, 1995) In this period intelligence is manifested in action (Mussen, Conger, Kagan, Huston, 1990). It is divided into 6 substages (Slee, 2002). During substage 1(0-1 months) reflexes, for example sucking, are being used in order to assimilate their experience of the world. During first month reflex, such as sucking, is modified and becomes more efficient. But not all reflexes change in this substage (Slee, 2002). According to Piaget in substage 2 (1-4 months), the key element is a repetition of movements, or primary circulation reactions. It involves only infants own body, for instance, infant finds having a thumb in mouth a pleasant sensation and if the thumb falls out, he or she will try to put it back (Slee, 2002). In substage 3 (4-8 months) the repetition of primary circular reactions acts on the world outside the childs body (Slee, 2002). By repeating some actions the infant tries to trigger reactions outside his or her body (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In substage 4 (8-12 months) the infant becomes capable of keeping a goal in mind and achieving it. The baby is able to combine two schemes in order to achieve his or her goal, for example moving aside a pillow in order to reach a toy (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Substage 5 (12-18 months) is a stage of tertiary circular reactions during which the infant is actively seeking novelty and the child experiments. (Slee, 2002) It is the time when the infant tries out new ways of playing and manipulating objects (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In the final substage 6 (18-24 months) the infant becomes able to manipulate mental symbols, such as words and images. Symbols start to represent objects or events (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Many studies have shown that Piaget have underestimated the cognitive capacity of children. Researchers discovered that infants better understand object movements, than Piaget suggested and imitation appears at younger age (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Language. Piaget did not focus much on the development of language. Even though, infants make a huge progress, starting with babbling to the earliest ability to understand the meaning of individual words, to first word at around 12 months of age (Wilson, et al., 2008). At the beginning infants can understand many more words than they can use in their own speech. The infant develops a wide range of communicative gestures, before using words (Lefrancois, 1999). At this time infants tend to learn words slowly, but from 16 months to the end of second year they start acquiring words much faster. By 24 months infants are able to use 300 words (Wilson, et al., 2008). There is also known that children begin to talk sooner, develop larger vocabularies if their parents talk to them often, read to them regularly and use wide range of words (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In general language acquisition follows a regular sequence, although, there are wide variations in the patters and speed of language. Some children start using individual words at 8 months, meanwhile others not until 18 months (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Speech delays can be an early indicator of the childs atypical development. (Wilson, et al., 2008) Perception. With the help of the various sensory modalities, like sight, hearing, taste and smell, infants pay attention to the changes around them (Slee, 2002). Early perceptual learning depends on experiences (Boyd, Bee, 2009). During first 2 months, babies are looking for meaningful patterns. Sharp-dark light contrast, which normally signals the edge of some object, stops babies scanning the world around them. Between 2 and 3months the infant starts paying attention to what the object is, rather than where the object is (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Babies are able to differentiate sound to an impressive degree. They can discriminate the loudness and pitch of sound. DeCasper and Fifer found that infant is capable to recognise mothers voice from another female voice, but not fathers voice from another male voice. Soon after birth infants are able to identify the source of odour and react to it, by turning towards or away from it. Infants show preference for sweet substances (Slee, 2002). Emotions Crying, smiling and fear reactions are the most popular emotions of the infant, according to the most of research .Gianino and Tronick argued that infants are capable to regulate or control their emotions, for example by turning away or sucking a thumb (Lefrancois, 1999). Infant crying, explain Pinyerd, is one the infants main ways of communicating both physiological and psychological distress. However, not all infant cries are cries of pain, hunger or distress. (Lefrancois, 1999, p. 161). Crying because of hunger or pain can be eliminated; meanwhile, unidentifiable cry is harder to stop. Constant crying can be highly annoying for parents and siblings (Lefrancois, 1999). Smiling and laughing is a core part of parent-child interaction. First smile can appear as early as two to twelve hours after birth, even though it is not a social smile, but rather a reflex. Social smile is a response to auditory and visual stimuli, for example response to a caregivers face. From 3  ½ month the infant is able to produce selective social smile. The infants react to social stimuli that are familiar (Lefrancois, 1999). According to Watson and Rayner, loud noises and sudden loss of support can cause the infants fear. To paraphrase Hebb, fear can occur then the infant develops certain expectations about the world and those expectations are violated (Lefrancois, 1999). Psychoanalytical theories Psychoanalytic theorists believe that development change happens because of internal drives and emotions influence behaviour. (Bee, Boyd, 2009, p. 27) According to this theory infants get more pleasure from mouthing objects than from manipulating them with other parts of their body (Boyd, Bee, 2009). According to Freuds personality development theory, at birth infants were equipped with biological instincts that demanded satisfaction, which was driven by self-presentation and procreation (Slee, 2002). Freud argued that there are three different levels of personality in human development: id, ego and superego (Lefrancois, 1999). The oral stage (0-1  ½ years). In Freuds theory, during the first year of life the psychic energy of the infant is focused on the mouth. Events surrounding the reduction of physic tension and attaining pleasure relate primarily to acts of feeding, such as sucking on a nipple or bottle. (Slee, 2002, p. 161) Freud argued that infant becomes focused on the person providing gratification and reducing the level of psychic tension. According to Freud, attachment is developing between the child and the person. He argued that the amount of gratification is very important in progressing to the next stage. To little or too much of gratification, would end in fixation at the oral stage. To paraphrase Freud it could as adults derive and undue amount of pleasure from mouth. Under gratification as adults may lead to depression, meanwhile, over gratification can cause adults to become excessively dependent upon others (Slee, 2002). During this stage the infants personality mainly consists if id. The infant is driven by an urge to seek immediate satisfaction of impulses. He or she does not know what is possible or impossible, has no sense of reality and conscience (Lefrancois, 1999). Many developmentalists fault Freud for proposing a theory without hardly any evidence to support it. His theory is difficult to test as it requires studying unconscious motivations and unseen id, ego and superego (Sigelman, 1999). On the other hand, his theories helped to alert parents and those working with children about the importance of the first years of life and rich emotional life. It helped Erikson and Bowlby to build on Freuds idea about the significance of the infancy for further development (Slee, 2002) According to Kegan, it is used in clinics and hospital by mental health practitioners (Lefrancois, 1999). Psychosocial approach. Erikson was inspired by Freuds psychoanalytical theories. But there are major differences between Freud and Erikson. Erikson concentrated on the importance of social environment; meanwhile, Freud emphasized the importance of sexuality and psychodynamic conflicts. Opposite to Freud, Erikson was concerned with the healthy personality (Lefrancois, 1999). According to Erikson there are 8 human development stages (Lefrancois, 1999). Erikson like Freud believed that every stage had crucial issue, which had to be dealt with before moving to the next stage (Slee, 2002). Basic trust versus (0-1  ½ years). According to Erikson, during this stage the main issue is the development of a sense of trust. The development of a sense of trust depends on the quality of care rather than quantity the infant receives (Slee, 2002). The infant is initially faced with a conflict between mistrust of a world about which little is known and an inclination to develop a trusting attitude toward that world hence mistrust. (Lefrancois, 1999, p. 35) At this point a primary caregiver usually mother, is the most important person. The relationship between caregiver and the infant determines the resolution of the conflict between trust and mistrust and realization that the world is predictable, safe and loving. There is a risk of the infant growing up mistrustful and anxious, if the crucial issue of the stage is not resolved (Lefrancois, 1999). Many people found Eriksons theory more acceptable than Freuds, as it emphasize the interaction of biological and social influences. At the same time, despite providing a useful description of human personality development, it still does not explain how this development comes about (Sigelman, 1999). Attachment An attachment is an emotional bond in which a persons sense of security is bound up in the relationship. (Bee, Boyd, 2009, p. 150) The infant forms a special relationship with caregivers and experiences pleasure and security in their presence, but anxiety and distress when they are gone (Bremner, Fogel, 2007). John Bowlby has developed the most influential theory of parent/child and other relationship attachment. His attachment theory was based on ethological and psychoanalytical theories and modern cognitive psychology (Sigelman, 1999). Bowlby argued that attachment to one or more caregivers is genetically programmed in everyone. According to Bowlby infants behave in a way to ensure the proximity of the caregiver. In order caregivers to respond, infants cry, cling, smile or babble. As a result of this behaviour, attachment gradually develops. This kind of behaviour is directed to a particular person, preferably to a mother, than strangers. Attachment starts to be organized some time during second six months (Slee, 2002). Bowlby divided infants development of attachment in 4 phases (Boyd, Bee, 2009): Nonfocused orienting and signalling phase (birth to 3 months). In order to draw the attention and signal their needs infants cry, smile and make eye contacts (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Focus on one or more figures phase (3to 6 months). Infants concentrate come here signals to people with whom they spend most of the time. Meanwhile, response to unfamiliar people becomes less common (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Secure base behaviour phase (6 to 24 months). The infants start to seek proximity by following and clinging to caregivers, especially when they are anxious, hungry or injured. This behaviour is directed to a primary caregiver and only others, if the primary caregiver is not available or not responding (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Internal model phase (24 months and beyond). Infants learn how an anticipated action might affect the bonds they share with caregivers (Boyd, Bee, 2009). To sum up, according to Bowlby attachment is a part of our evolutionary heritage. With the help of interaction of biological and environmental forces attachment develops during infancy. Later development and quality of relationship is determined by the first attachment relationship between the infant and the caregiver (Sigelman, 1999). Some theorists argue, including Piaget, that the infants relationships with peers are at least as significant as the parent/infant relationship. They argue that those relationships contribute differently to development (Sigelman, 1999). Social work with infants When we talk about social work with infants, the family of the baby is a part of it. Social workers safeguard children and prevent them from suffering. It is crucial for a social worker to know the child development theories in order to undertake assessments, which includes seeing, observing, engaging, talking and doing various activities with the child (OLoughlin, 2008). Social worker may come in contact with the infant and his family if the infant was damaged before birth (for example foetal alcohol syndrome), parents experience mental illness or misuse of alcohol or drugs. Due to issues that parents face, the infant may be harmed as the needs of the child is not met, for example not dressed properly, nappies are not changed, malnutrition, staying in a not safe environment. Due to these circumstances infants cognitive development might be delayed. Depressed mothers can interact with the child less or express anger, which may lead to insecurely attached children (OLoughlin, 2008). Some parents may be too immature or preoccupied by personal problems to give their child enough affection and care. In that case the infant is not able to develop a sense of trust and later, growing autonomy (Herbert, Harper-Dorton, 2002). When working with the infant and family it is not only important to assess the infant, it is also crucial to assess parenting capacity. Parents should be able access and provide for the childs physical needs. Family is responsible for childs safety. The infant should receive secure, stable and affectionate relationships with caregivers. They should promote childs learning and intellectual development through interaction, communication, talking and responding to the child. Parents are responsible for the infants ability to regulate his or her emotions and behaviour (OLoughlin, 2008). Conclusion An understanding of infant development patterns and concepts is necessary for parents and caregivers, as well as all professionals who may come in contact with the child. By knowing them parents can create nurturing, caring and safe environment. It is useful for social workers as well, as they can assess infant and ensure that all their needs are met. Knowing the importance of cognitive development allows caregivers to support it by encouraging exploration, thinking and leaning. By talking to children more often and reading them regularly, caregivers can improve their language skills. Failure to acquire language skills can be indicator that there might be development difficulties or lack of language stimulation. Attachment development is crucial during infancy as well, especially with the primary caregiver, usually mother. It provides healthy emotional and social development and determines later development and quality of relationship. Even though psychoanalytical theory of personal development by Freud is highly criticized, as there is no evidence to test it, it had a major impact on theories about childrens socio-emotional development.

Ethnographic study Essay -- Analysis, Whole Foods Market

This essay is an ethnographic study of Whole Foods Market which is located in Kensington, London. Whole Foods Market is a niche supermarket that sells high quality organic and natural products at high prices. In this essay, I will provide a brief orientation of ethics with regards to the concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility - macroethics and Business Ethics - microethics and the theoretical frameworks of consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics. I will be using deontology framework in ethics devised by Immanuel Kant to assess if the marketing strategy and the products sold at Whole Foods Market support their principle of ‘organic and natural’. My ethnographic study took place at Whole Foods Market in Kensington, London. Before entering the store, I closely examined the front display windows. The products displayed include very red fresh apples that were in a stack. The apples were placed on a tray and table to provide the product with a lift and increase product visibility for all to see. Merchandised in another window, were books written by several authors whose expertise include organic foods and farming. Behind the stack of books was a poster which had a picture of each book, highlighting the authors’ names and quotes made by the authors in the book. Also posted on the display window was information about the store supporting products made by local farmers in the Kensington area. The products were sold in store and the farmers’ names were written as well as the foods the farmers were selling. Colours used by the organisation with regards to store layout and marketing posters were light brown and green which highlights Whole Foods Market green credentials to existing, new and potential customers. The layout o... ...Market making this a primary issue and placing it in their code of conduct before the business began. Lahdesmaki (2005) argued that marketing can be an ethical contract between businesses and their customers. Therefore businesses are morally obliged to inform their customers about the products in store and provide all the information necessary via marketing strategy so the customer can make informed decisions about their purchase. Whole Foods Market does display qualities of deontology framework in relation to its marketing strategy. The analysis of the organisation and its marketing strategy within deontology theory has been carried out. The supermarket performed its ethical duty by informing customers about the products in store and showing them the preparation area, thereby justifying the high prices the high quality organic and natural products are sold at.

Wordsworth and Vaughan Essay -- Poetry Wordsworth Vaughan Essays

Wordsworth and Vaughan When reading T.S. Eliot’s critical comment, â€Å"It is to be observed that the language of these poets is as a rule simple and pure,† one might assume that he was referring to the Romantics (Eliot 2328). Specifically, we could apply this statement to poets the ilk of Wordsworth, who eschewed poetic affectations and â€Å"tricked out† language for sentiments that originated and flowed naturally (Wordsworth 270). Yet Eliot hadn’t focused his critical eye there, this time. Rather, he squinted a century back to a lesser-referenced literary group, the Metaphysical poets (Eliot 2328). That the Metaphysical poets and the Romantics share a characteristically simple/natural diction is important. While they are undoubtedly distinct schools, if we can show that they are even remotely stylistically similar, then we might have grounds to acknowledge similarities between a poet from each, respectively. Thus, I propose considering Wordsworth in relation to an earl ier man, Henry Vaughan. I am not the first to do so; much has been said of the link between these men regarding their analogous poems â€Å"The Retreat† and â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality†Ã¢â‚¬â€by comparing them I cannot claim any original insight. However, there is more common to these two men than two poems, and in analyzing what Wordsworth desires from poetry and the poet in his â€Å"Preface to the Lyrical Ballads† we see that Vaughan had many of the poetic qualities Wordsworth demanded of himself. Even more interesting, Wordsworth's shifted perspective from â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey† to the "Elegiac Stanza" replicates Vaughan's shift from "To Amoret" to "The Night." Where Vaughan’s verse originally addressed worldly love and natural ... ...h happiness, wherever it be known, / Is to be pitied; for ‘tis surely blind† (lines 53-56). In these lines, Wordsworth finally counsels that the human world is actually not so near-sighted. Rather, when a man assumes himself separate from mankind—when he reinforces that separation—he actually blinds himself. So finally, the comparison between Vaughan and Wordsworth is not absolute. However, sorting through the words of men who’ve been dead for centuries for evidence of a literary association beyond mere coincidence is never and easy undertaking. But let us assume that, if Wordsworth was right, both he and Vaughan shared universal human experiences. Perhaps, upon reaching a certain middle age, they also shared fear and awe of the conditions of their mortality—and if one may have looked to the other’s words for poetic guidance, the poetic genre is better for it.

The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers

The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and Singapore Both Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally have lacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left up to a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining the role of political participation in both city states. Hong Kong's history of colonial rule and the strength of the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singapore acted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum. Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and it's government remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such as Singapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonial government was insulated from political pressure because many residents and immigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Kong had to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong the small state would be over run by the newly established and expansionist communist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China was expanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia; Hong Kong's feeling of insecurity was very real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong Kong's Legislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointed prominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. These councils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenry would at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasure with the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any real power and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. The government of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign service officers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In Hong Kong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public. In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political party came into power in Singapore, the People's Action Party which was a strongly anti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderate socialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies were able to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance. The People's Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties because Lee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politics that no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In the democratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by large majorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and Singapore Both Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally have lacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left up to a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining the role of political participation in both city states. Hong Kong's history of colonial rule and the strength of the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singapore acted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum. Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and it's government remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such as Singapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonial government was insulated from political pressure because many residents and immigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Kong had to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong the small state would be over run by the newly established and expansionist communist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China was expanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia; Hong Kong's feeling of insecurity was very real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong Kong's Legislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointed prominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. These councils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenry would at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasure with the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any real power and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. The government of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign service officers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In Hong Kong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public. In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political party came into power in Singapore, the People's Action Party which was a strongly anti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderate socialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies were able to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance. The People's Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties because Lee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politics that no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In the democratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by large majorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won

A Geography of Time

In the preface â€Å"Time Talks, With an Accent† the author describes his reasons of writing the book, as well as he shares his plans about future careers, his interest, and ideas about time geography.In the first chapter â€Å"Tempo: Speed of Life† special attention is paid to what tempo is, its core elements, economic well-being and what may happen beyond the tempo. In the second chapter â€Å"Duration: Psychological Clock† the author provides innovative and interesting suggestions and draws relevant conclusions bumps in time, how to change the life tempo and psychological experiences of time duration.Actually, I think that material presented in the preface and the first chapters are very exciting and informative as the author sets further background for research in this sphere.In the preface the author writes that every culture is represented by its own concepts and fingertips about time and time geography. Actually, it is necessary to lean about time values a s it gives an excellent opportunity to know the person better. Time gives idea of what person is, about his ideals and beliefs. The author admits that he has always been interested in time. As other Americans, the writer was taught that time is measured by the clock and nothing more.Time is seconds, minutes and hours. However, when the author grew up he realized that the concept of time is not as simple as it might seem at the first glance. When planning personal career, the author claims he has ignored the concept of money being offered by the particular job. Instead, he decided to learn temporal lifestyle as that area interested him the most.Firstly the author’s researches focused primarily on social psychology and attribution theory. Special attention was paid to gender differences in ideas about success and failure, self-confidence and attribution styles. Nevertheless, in several years the author became very interested in studying the value of time and the life pace in ge neral. Therefore, the author devotes the whole book to the pace of own lives, how people use and have to use time, what time is doing in our cities, etc.The first chapter addresses the question of time tempo stressing that tempo of life strongly depends on the factors of personal taste and skills, as well as on individual instruments and room involved. The pace of time is defined by the author as tome flow or movement being experienced by people.Pace of time is characterized by rhythms, sequences and synchronies. However, life pace is a matter of tempo. ‘Tempo’ is borrowed from music theory and it is associated with rate and speed of piece performance.The author is interested in characteristics of cultures and places distinguishing five factors which determine cultural tempos: economic well-being, degree of industrialization, population amount, climatic conditions, and orientation at individualism. Also, there are ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ people and t he author warns us not to overgeneralize about them.Actually, life pace depends on time, place and human doings. Ten areas are presented to think of yourself: speech patterns, concern with clock time, walking speed, eating habits, driving, schedules, list making, nervous energy, waiting and alerts.The second chapter addresses the issues of psychological clock and duration of time. The author writes that there were several studies devoted to time perceptions and the interest in estimation of time appeared on the scale.Duration is defined as the time that is going from the lat event. Actually, duration is the speed of the clock being ambiguous and precise. However, it is more difficult to define duration of time in the realm of psychological experience.There are differences in time duration among Westerners and Easterners. For example, in Western culture listening is not opposition of talking as it is waiting.Modern researchers are focus on identifying differences in types of informat ion and in the ways the information is processed. Interestingly, Maslow defined creative people as people being fascinated and absorbed in the current situation and here-now. The author concludes that time is proceeding as a clock arrow does. However, speed of time passing depends fully on individual preferences. A Geography of Time In a world with no clocks and no definite appointments people are living by event time. Therefore, the fourth chapter â€Å"Living on Time Events† is devoted to analyzing what it means to live beyond time or by time event. It is known that earlier time was measured by slow sweep of stars in the sky or by important events or changes.Heartbeats also measured time, as well as recurrence of hunger and duration of loneliness. The author assumes that in certain situations the clock or calendar can be defined as nothing more than simply ornament or decoration. Living by event can’t provide define appointments of lifestyle, whereas modern industrialized countries are motivated by punctuality.Historical perspective suggests that living by clock â€Å"is clearly out of line with virtually all of recorded history†. (p.82) The author asserts that the key difference in pace life is that people tend to use clock as the guidance in their lives, especially when they are planning the beginning and the end of particular events.People’s schedules aren’t allowed to include spontaneous activities. Therefore, there are two types of living: living by event time and living by clock time. The key difference between these types is speed difference and people who live by clock tie are faster than those who live by event time.The author specifies that under clock time timepiece is that director of the beginning and end of the events and particular activities. Under event time it is schedule that determines particular activities. Nevertheless, event time isn’t precise time as it is difficult to identify when people will be busy with necessary activities. Interestingly, adults are more susceptible to clock time.Industrial society is characterized by enmeshed style of life and clock time is the main driver of events and activities. However, in less civilized countries people are less concerned with control of clock. They feel life by mechanic clock i s abnormal and confusing as it set rigid frameworks and it is hardly possible to life full life when you are obliged to follow set schedule.The fifth chapter â€Å"Time and Power: The Rules of the Waiting Games† provides relevant and valuable rules about waiting peculiarities. The author says that waiting is always unpleasant thing.For example, when we are waiting for a bus or a person, we feel anxiety and even irritability. However, half of our life is simply waiting – waiting for tickets, appointments, particular events, buses, etc. Psychologists find it rather difficult to evaluate the pain from waiting, but they say that effect maybe both negative and positive. For business waiting is very expensive as time for them is directly associated with money.When people become more important, the demand for time becomes greater. With increased importance value of time increases as well as time is limited. Therefore, time of important people should be protected and carefully managed.The author stresses that â€Å"important people are usually seen by appointment only; and while those of higher status are allowed to make people below them to wait, the reverse is strictly prohibited†. (p. 109) Thus, one of the most important rules is that status dictates who will wait and it is position in the hierarchy that determines people’s importance. Further, the longer people are waiting the greater the status is. For example, the value of attorneys and bookkeepers is defined by the fact whether they are booked in advance.One of the rules suggests that time can be provided as a real gift meaning that waiting can be seen as an act of generosity. Offering is thus viewed as â€Å"a special instance of using time to demonstrate respect†. (p.123) Offering of time is important because it stretches far beyond explanations of gain or profit. The sole purpose of offering time is sending social message. Finally, breaking into line should be rare occasion s.Those people who break into line must re-assure that they don’t cause any troubles for others who are waiting. Rules of waiting are different in different countries and it is not recommended to play waiting games till you know all the rules. Mainly, waiting rules implicit and the chance to misinterpret the message are very high.

Curriculum Guides for Academic Interventions

rails head CURRICULUMCurriculum Guides for Academic Interventions Meghan Powell Grand force outyon University March 27, 2013 Strategies utilise Student employ & Peer-Assisted Learning ( meat for Innovations in Education, 2006) Educational conclusion Student Engagement To carry on the scholar actively engaged transmit out solemnize them aside from having time to behave incompatiblely (CISE, 2006). . It go forth besides keep them from deficient to veer away from the educational operation. The pigment word here is actively.The goal or intent here is to engage the pupil actively, meaning we arent just tutelage him/her busy, we are talking to them, asking questions, get them to participate in the educational activity, as well as getting them to requirement to participate in the activity. Keeping the educatee with EBD actively engaged through and throughout an wide activity can be d peerless. Its not easy, but can be d wholeness. Peer-Assisted Learning With peer-a ssisted Learning, the scholar with EBD proves to be screening high levels of engagement.The goal or objective here is to use peer-assisted study strategies (PALS) to erect together a reader and a coach to practice skills needed to masterly the tasks. In many cases, positive do were shown when using PALS but in round cases, the results were mixed (CISE, 2006). Mixed results were found when PALS was used with reading and disciples with EBD demonstrated that at that place were still moderate gains in reading achievement, slight improvements for some in time spend attending, and no improvement in inappropriate behavior during instruction CISE, 2006). Task analytic thinkingSurvival sign matching with flash reissue The students volition come into class and see their orangeness folders out on the main tables. They eff their orange folders have their indoor, alfresco, and workplace selection of the fittest signs in them. We will start with the outdoor signs. The game we usually play is where the students get-go lay out all of their cards on the table keeping them separate from different students cards. The conterminous function we do is the teacher fight backs up one card at a time. The students have to say which sign it is and and then recollect the corresponding sign in their pile of flashcards.Whoever is the first one to find the card gets to put a curb mark up by their rudimentary on the board. Whoever has the around tally tag gets to pick out of the trea authoritative cut after the game is over. We will do this with the indoor and workplace signs too. The tally mark start over with each castrate in signs indoor-outdoor-workplace. This task is great because you get the students inter playacting with their movements, their words, and it keeps them from thinking approximately inappropriate behaviors.This is also great for when a student cant find the sign, an some other student helps them locate it. Sign language with flashcards We will do this with all of the students sitting rough the large table. The teacher has a well-favored pile of laminated pictures with a picture of mortal signing the picture. The teacher will hold one up at a time while the students sign what it is. some students are taking a microscopical bit longer to learn them than other students are so in that respect is a lot of peer-assistance going on in this activity.The teacher will go through the whole pile and keep the ones where most students showed difficulty, to the side so those will be the focus for adjacent time. This engaging activity again, gets the students moving, and checking with each other to make sure they are doing the right sign. The kinesthetic learning keeps students with EBD too occupied to think about inappropriate behavior. With the teacher responding correctly to the students actions is cite (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner pg. 325, 2009).Possible Interventions We try to breathe away from a reactive manage ment direction but sometimes things dont go as planned. Rules need to be stage set right away in order for students to follow them and stay actively engaged. If there are ground rules set in place in the low gear and students are held to high expectations of following those rules, there should be no problem. But sometimes, there still is. If you have to change or stop the behavior after it has already started, make sure you and the other students stay safe. Get the other students out of the room or in nother area where they cannot be harmed if this is the case. Talk calmly with the student who is acting inappropriately and ask them what they are musical note and how we can make it better. Once the student has calmed bundle and the environment is safe again, the other students may come back in. gravid them space and time to cool fling off is a great idea. Student sound judgment Procedures To assess the students with the two flashcard tasks, keep a myopic notepad with you a nd mark down who seems to be getting all of the survival signs and sign language movements and which ones are seek with what.This would be a great thing for a paraprofessional to do. Data collection is key information on what to teach the students next and who can move on or not. For the students who are having a harder time, with the survival signs especially, they may need to have a little bit of one on one time either with the teacher or with a paraprofessional to get a more focused work session in. sometimes the struggling student does better in a one on one setting and sometimes students prosper in a group setting. Without trying both, we will never know how they like to learn.References Center for Innovations in Education (CISE) (2006). Teaching education to Students with Emotional behavioural Disorders. Students with Reading and Behavioral Needs. Retrieved on March 26, 2013 from http//www. studentprogress. org/doc/ReadingandEmotionalBehavioralDisorders. pdf Yell, Mitchell L. , Meadows, Nancy B. , Drasgow, Erik, Shriner, mob G. (2009). Evidenced-Based Practices for Educating Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. Chapters 14 & 16. Pearson Education, Inc.