Using If-Then-Else and Switch in Conditional Statements

Conditional statements in a computer program support decisions based on a certain condition. If the condition is met, or true, a certain piece of code is executed. For example, you want to convert user-entered text to lowercase. Execute the code only if the user entered capitalized text. If not, you dont want to execute the code because it will lead to a runtime error. There are two main conditional statements used in Java:  the if-then and  if-then-else statements, and the switch statement. The If-Then and If-Then-Else Statements The most basic flow control statement in Java is if-then: if [something] is true, do [something]. This statement is a good choice for simple decisions. The basic structure of an if statement starts with the word if, followed by the statement to test, followed by curly braces that wrap the action to take if the statement is true. It looks like this: if (  statement  ) {// do something here....} This statement can also be extended to do something else if the condition is false: if (  statement  ) { // do something here...}else {// do something else...} For example, if you are determining whether someone is old enough to drive, you might have a statement that says if your age is 16 or older, you can drive; else, you cannot drive. int age 17;if age 16 {System.out.println(You can drive.);}else  {System.out.println(You are not old enough to drive.) There is no limit to the number of else statements you can add.   Conditional Operators In the example above, we used a single operator. These are the standard operators you can use: equal to: less than: more than: greater than or equal to: less than or equal to: In addition to these, there are four more operators used with conditional statements: and: not:!  or: ||is equal to:    For example, the driving age is considered to be from age 16 to age 85, in which case the AND operator can be used. else if ( age 16   age 85 ) This will return true only if both conditions are met. The operators NOT, OR, and IS EQUAL TO can be used in a similar way. The Switch Statement The switch statement provides an effective way to deal with a section of code that could branch in multiple directions based on a single variable. It does not support the conditional operators the if-then statement does, nor can it handle multiple variables. It is, however, a preferable choice when the condition will be met by a single variable because it can improve performance and is easier to maintain.   Heres an example: switch ( single_variable ) {case value://code_here;break;case value://code_here;break;default://set a default;} Note that you start with the switch, provide a single variable and then set out your choices using the term case. The keyword break completes each case of the switch statement. The default value is optional, but good practice. For example, this switch prints the lyric of the song  Twelve Days of Christmas  given a provided day. int day 5; String lyric ;  // empty string to hold the lyric switch (day) {case 1: lyric A partridge in a pear tree.;break;case 2:lyric 2 turtle doves;break;case 3:lyric 3 French hens;break;case 4:lyric 4 calling birds;break;case 5:lyric 5 gold rings;break;case 6:lyric 6 geese-a-laying;break;case 7:lyric 7 swans-a-swimming;break;case 8:lyric 8 maids-a-milking;break;case 9:lyric 9 ladies dancing;break;case 10:lyric 10 Lords-a-leaping;break;case 11:lyric 11 pipers piping;break;case 12:lyric 12 drummers drumming;break;default:lyric There are only 12 days.;break;}System.out.println(lyric); In this example, the value to test is an integer. Java SE 7 and later support a string object in the expression. For example:String day second;String lyric ;  // empty string to hold the lyric switch (day) {case first:lyric A partridge in a pear tree.;break;case second:lyric 2 turtle doves;break;case third:lyric 3 French hens;break;// etc.

Women A Modern Day Revolution - 1483 Words

In the last few decades, our nation has seen a modern day revolution in women’s participation in the workforce. Today, women are independent breadwinners for their families. In education, modern day young women have pushed through boundaries and are doing just as well if not better that their young male counterparts in educational achievements and earn advanced degrees. Regardless of these advancements, women still trail behind their male peers with respect to education and careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The support of women STEM students is imperative not only for our nation to grow toward gender equality, and economic triumph; but for women themselves. STEM careers are the future of America; they offer women the possibility of a higher salary, and increase the opportunity to participate in and experience the mecca of technological innovation and discovery. According to Richie Bernardo’s (2015) article, â€Å"2015’s Best and Worst Metro Areas for STEM Professionals† at WalletHub.com, in Texas, the Houston metropolitan area and surrounding cities are in the forefront of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers; the Austin-Round Rock area is ranked second. This is exciting news for Texas, especially Houston, but we must be able to produce qualified individuals to fill the demand, and we do that by encouraging young girls’ participation with hands-on learning opportunities through education at the primary, secondary, andShow MoreRelatedWomen During The Imperial Period Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesDespite having numerous powerful women leaders throughout Chinese history, China has been a traditionally patriarchal society. A society where women have long been charged with upholding society’s values in their roles as wives and mothers. 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Research Proposal to Open a Health and Fitness Club

Question: Describe about the Research Proposal to Open a Health and Fitness Club. Answer: Introduction: The benefits of participation in the programs of regular exercise are widely known to all. It is also a well-known fact that participating in regular exercise programs will reduce the risks associated with the comorbidities of obesity. Moreover, exercise is the one and only factor that can be used for maintaining the reduced weight of the previously obese people (Ivey et al. 2015). After examining the empirical that, it can be said that though the benefits of regular exercise is a well-known fact only a few number of Australians nearly 15% are into the habit of regular exercise and receiving the health benefits. Therefore, presently it has become necessary to spread the awareness of benefits of regular exercise and tom open a health and fitness club in a place where it will be convenient for the people to commute as well. Background of the Research: Presently in the era of development and growth and increasing competition people are too busy with their work and therefore they do not get enough time to look after themselves. This is one of the most important reasons of increasing obesity along with other physical and mental disorder. Regular participation in exercise involves a lot of physical and psychological benefits (Bartels et al. 2013). This can also reduce stress and tension of regular life. However, there is a disparity of motives among the people who are participating in regular exercise activities. This research proposal will trace out the impact of motives and reasons of the participants into his or her exercise behavior. This research will also find out the needs and importance of exercise in our daily life. The eating behavior and the other habits associated with daily life affects the human life adversely and this can be healed by using exercise as a tool. Rationale of the Research: What is the issue? Presently obesity and the health related problems have become a common issue among a large number of people in Australia. Excess weight or obesity is the primary risk factor associated with the cardio vascular disease, diabetes of type 2 and some type of cancer as well. Therefore spreading the awareness among people and influence all of them tom participate in regular exercise activities has become an important issue. Why is it an issue? As there is an increasing trend of obesity among the people of Australia, it has become inevitable to aware them about the diseases that are intricately associated with obesity. This increasing obesity may arise due to food habit, work culture and many other issues. But irrespective of the reasons there is a common way to deal with this issue that is exercise. Otherwise the problem will increase further and the death rate in the country may increase. Aims of the Research: The broader aims of this research are to find out the health related issues that can be dealt with exercise and the need of exercise in daily life. The research will also shed light on the health benefits of exercise on those people who are not suffering from obesity. Research Objectives: The objectives of the research can be summarized as follows, To determine the necessities of exercise To determine the health issues faced by the people of Australia To determine the relation between physical health and mental health To determine the plausible way to deal with the prevailing issues Research Questions: Based on the objectives of the research the following are the research questions, What are the needs of exercise? What are the health issues faced by the people of Australia? What is the relation between physical health and mental health? How the health issues in Australia can be resolved? Literature Review: Introduction: There is positive relationship between exercise and physical activity with mental and physical health of the human being. The positive alliance between the physical activity and overall health of the human being has also been demonstrated in an effective and efficient manner in the concerned literature. However, in the context of mental health a majority of these studies have focused in anxiety and depression rather than focusing on the other mental disorders. However, there is a conflict between the researchers in defining the term depression. According to Plowman and Smith (2013), physical exercise may help to cure moderate to high level of depression. Moreover, according to Thompson (2014), the recommendation of public health also suggests that aerobic exercises are beneficial and can be used as an effective treatment for healing up low to moderate level of depression. However, in the context of anxiety and physical exercise includes various numbers of systematic reviews and meta- analysis. These studies have concluded that there is a negative relationship between anxiety and aerobic exercise. Moreover, Heyward and Gibson (2014) pointed out that the evidences gathered till now suggests that physical exercise in some cases may be effective enough for alleviating anxiety as compared with any other treatment which is medication free. According to Smith et al. (2014), exercise is the miraculous way that is able to cure a wide range of physical ailments. However, people have neglected this aspect for a long period and as a result peoples health is suffering its consequences. There is enough evidence of the fact that dong physical exercise will help people to live a healthier life irrespective of the age. Moreover, as pointed out by Hoeger and Hoeger (2015), people who are in the regular physical exercise activities are also less likely to suffer from diseases like diabetes of type 2, cardiovascular problems and some type of cancers. Concept of health and fitness The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided the most extensively accepted definition of health. The definition statuses that health is nothing but a condition of the entire physical and mental condition along with the social wellbeing and it cannot be merely defined as the absence of any disease or disability. Presently this definition has been amplified and it has been compelled to include the statement Socially and economically productive life. The World Health Organization has also been criticized on several grounds; first of all it is too generic in nature. Corbin and Le Masurier (2014) states that health cannot also be defined as a condition rather it should be viewed as a dynamic state of continuous adjustments with the continuously changing demand for living. Apart from these limitations the definition provided by the World Health Organization also broad and depicts positivism in its insinuations, in this context it sets a very high standard of positive health. On the oth er hand, the physical aptness is defined as a general state of very good physical health. As argued by MilanoviĆ¡ et al. (2015), a person who is physically challenged may be healthy or fit, however, the ability of that person is likely to be lower than that of the optimum level. Physical fitness can be considered as a result of regular physical activity and proper nutrition. Physical fitness can also be divided into three different areas, namely, elasticity, strength and cardio respiratory fortitude (Lai et al. 2014). There are some facts that should be focused in the context of health and fitness, Good health should be the primary and most crucial focus of the adults in the society. Health condition may vary in accordance with the income, age, gender and family background. A person free from illness and disease cannot be considered as a healthy one. The concept of health and fitness are definitely multidimensional It is quite possible to possess wellness while being ill Need for health and fitness: Presently with an ever increasing number of reports regarding growing rates of obesity, diseases and conditions as result of being overweight or out of shape, it has become impossible to ignore the necessity of fitness and wellbeing in our daily lives. According to L.M (2014), the professionals associated with health related activities regards cancer, mental illness such as depression or anxiety and diabetes as the lack of physical fitness and wellbeing. Focusing on exercise and balanced diet can help these persons who are suffering from these diseases. It is also suggested that people should get into the habits of exercise and diet before developing an illness. Obese people are 10-50% more likely to subject to premature death from all reasons when compared to the persons with normal body weight (Vancampfort et al. 2013). There are five key components of controlling overall health, fitness and mental wellbeing. These components are, Aerobic or cardiovascular conditioning Strength training along with muscular development Stretching of muscles, tendons and ligaments Core Stability Nutrition along with Supplementation Aerobic or Cardiovascular Conditioning: Aerobic exercises can be defined as the activities that can raise the heart up to the target heart beating rate and maintain that level for at least twenty minutes. The most significant aspect of aerobic exercises is the sustained activity of the cardiovascular system. One should target an optimum level of heart rate. It has a number of benefits including reducing the body weight, and thereby reducing the risk that is amalgamated with being overweight (Barry et al. 2014). The aerobic exercise strengthens the heart so that it does not have beat very fast, it keeps the blood pressure at an ideal level, reduces the level of cholesterol in the human body. The aerobics also helps to keep in control the level of blood sugar. Strength training along with muscular development: Strength training can be characterized as a musculoskeletal exercise that enables the muscles to increase resistance the muscles can overcome in a progressive manner. Over the passage of time this enlarges and strengthens the muscles. The benefits strength training is multiple; it benefits the health of an individual by increasing the body mass and thereby increasing the metabolism. Weight training on the other hand takes care of the bone health (Kranz et al. 2013). About the age 30, bone density reaches at its highest level. Strength training and weight training stresses on the masses and thereby enriches the bone density. This reduces the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Stretching of muscles, ligaments and tendons: Stretching is another component associated with fitness and wellbeing of individuals. Stretching should always be accompanied by strength training or aerobic exercises. Stretching should be done three times in a week (Myers et al. 2015). Stretching should always be done when the muscles, ligaments and tendons are warmed up properly. This means that the best time for stretching is just after a long warm up exercises. Stretching increases the flexibility of the muscles and tendons and increases their ability to elongate. By performing stretching one can increase his or her flexibility. Core Stability: Core stabilization exercises involves strengthening the muscles that lines up the spine and makes up the abdomen and pelvic floor. Strengthening the core muscles will make the athletic exercises easier and safer. Nutrition and Supplementation: The need of delivering our bodies the proper nutritional components cannot be neglected. Human body always requires the correct balance of minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates and fat on a regular basis for functioning optimally and disease free (Myers et al. 2015). Therefore, eating healthy is necessary for establishing proper functionality of the human body. Relation between physical health and mental health: There is a strict correlation between the physical health and mental health of individuals. It has been found that people diagnosed with depression are often occupied by worse physical conditions as well as worse self-perceived health compared to those who are without depression (Myers et al. 2015). Depression and other related mental health conditions have different but additive effects on the wellbeing of the human being. For example the combination of heart disease and depression may cause twice of the reduction in the social interaction that either of the conditions taken alone. Patients who are diagnosed with depression and other physical health conditions are at a particular risk. The physical health situation may complicate the diagnosis and treatment of depression by masking or mimicking its basic syndromes. It can also work in a different way as well. People who are diagnosed with a specific physical health condition may tend to feel more psychologically distressed when compared to the healthy people. Earnest et al. (2013) pointed out that, poor physical health condition brings about an increased risk of depression as the social and relationship problems cause which are common among the psychologically challenged people. However, according to Randers et al. (2012), the rate of depression among the patients with a chronic disease is higher than that of the normal people. Therefore, depression and chronic physical condition share a reciprocal relationship with each other. It is also quite evident from the statement of Randers et al. (2012), depression when occurs along with other physical ailments is always less diagnosed compared to depression occurring alone. Therefore, the physical and mental health is the two inseparable component of the human body. Usefulness of a fitness club in the context of health and fitness: A health in other words a fitness club is a place that contains fitness equipment for the purpose of physical exercise. The health clubs are places that provide the users or the members to nurture the five main components associated with health and fitness. It is mainly divided into certain areas. The main workout area of a health club primarily incorporates free weights such as dumbbells, barbells and certain exercise machines. Sometimes this place also contains mirrors so that people can monitor their posture while they are working out (Randers et al. (2012)). There is a cardio area as well, this place many types of cardiovascular training related equipment. This includes stationary bikes, rowing machines, treadmills etc. And finally the group exercise classes where a certified fitness expert conducts exercise classes. Therefore, a fitness club or health club is a place where people may come to enhance their physical condition by participating in the physical exercise activities. H ence, for maintaining health and fitness it is quite necessary to have a fitness club where people will be able to gain knowledge about the exercises and practice them too. Summary: Now to summarize it can be stated that while conducting this literature review section a wide range of available literature in this regard have been reviewed and this has helped the researcher to gain a broader overview about the health and fitness related issues. On the light of the knowledge gained it has been tried to trace out the need of a health and fitness club in a community. The study so far reveals that presently health related problems especially the problems associated with obesity in showing an increasing trend. The main way to deal with this issue is exercise; therefore it has become necessary to have a fitness club for motivating and raising awareness among the people about the benefits of exercise. Research Methodology: Introduction: In order to carry out the research work effectively, in this chapter an appropriate research method will be selected. Research method is defined as the combination of various schematic procedures and algorithms that are used for conducting a study efficiently effectively (Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015). On the other hand, research methodology is defined as the systematic approach adopted for solving a problem. There is a number of methods for conducting a research work. Hence it is essential to choose an appropriate methodology for completing the research. Research Philosophy: Research philosophy can be divided into two brad categories namely interpretivism and positivism philosophy. The positivism research philosophy is based on examining the research problems which based on real fact or truth. On the other hand, the interpretivism research philosophy is dependent on the perception that most people have expressed in the context of a particular situation (Taylor et al. 2015). Here in this research work positivism research philosophy will be used as it will help the researcher to conduct the research on the basis of true facts. Research Paradigm: The research work will be based on the positivism philosophy. As the research work will be solely based on the usefulness of a health club in relation to the health and wellbeing of the people of Australia. The positivism research paradigm is selected as it is based on positive phenomena (Brinkmann 2014). Research Approach: There are broadly two types of research approaches, which are used for the conduction of a research work in an efficient manner (Billig and Waterman 2014). These research approaches are deductive approach and inductive approach. The deductive approach focuses on gathering information. There are a few stages involved in conducting a research such determining the theory, designing hypothesis, confirmation as well as rejection of the hypothesis (Flick 2015). The deductive research approach uses a top down method for obtaining the desirable outcome of the research. Here in this research the deductive method will be used. Collection of Data: There are mainly two types of research approaches from which data will be collected for conducting the research. These are primary data and secondary data (Smith 2015). The secondary data will be collected from journals, articles, books and research papers. On the other hand, the primary data will be collected by conducting a primary survey. The researcher here has planned to survey a total 45 persons who are regular visitor to a health club and 5 managers of the health clubs, Data analysis: The collected data will be analyzed by using MS Excel and other statistical packages such as SPSS and STATA. After analysis the outcomes or results will be represented with the help of graphs and charts. This will help to develop a better understanding of the research work (Panneerselvam 2014). Conclusion: In order to conclude it can be said that the proposal has tried to ensure that the research questions and the objective of the research gets addressed in a proper manner. It has also ensured that the research can follow a proper methodology as well. The researcher has undergone a wide literature review and gathered a lot of experience while conducting the study. This has helped the researcher to determine and distinguish the research issues effectively and efficiently. Reference List: Barry, V.W., Baruth, M., Beets, M.W., Durstine, J.L., Liu, J. and Blair, S.N., 2014. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.Progress in cardiovascular diseases,56(4), pp.382-390. Bartels, S.J., Pratt, S.I., Aschbrenner, K.A., Barre, L.K., Jue, K., Wolfe, R.S., Xie, H., McHugo, G., Santos, M., Williams, G.E. and Naslund, J.A., 2013. Clinically significant improved fitness and weight loss among overweight persons with serious mental illness.Psychiatric Services. Billig, S.H. and Waterman, A.S. eds., 2014.Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge. Brinkmann, S., 2014.Interview(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Corbin, C.B. and Le Masurier, G., 2014.Fitness for Life, 6E. Human Kinetics. Earnest, C.P., Artero, E.G., Sui, X., Lee, D.C., Church, T.S. and Blair, S.N., 2013, March. Maximal estimated cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic risk factors, and metabolic syndrome in the aerobics center longitudinal study. InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 259-270). Elsevier. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Heyward, V.H. and Gibson, A., 2014.Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription 7th edition. Human kinetics. Hoeger, W.W. and Hoeger, S.A., 2015.Principles and labs for fitness and wellness. Cengage Learning. Ivey, F.M., Macko, R.F., Ryan, A.S. and Hafer-Macko, C.E., 2015. Cardiovascular health and fitness after stroke.Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. Kranz, M., MLler, A., Hammerla, N., Diewald, S., PlTz, T., Olivier, P. and Roalter, L., 2013. The mobile fitness coach: Towards individualized skill assessment using personalized mobile devices.Pervasive and Mobile Computing,9(2), pp.203-215. Lai, S.K., Costigan, S.A., Morgan, P.J., Lubans, D.R., Stodden, D.F., Salmon, J. and Barnett, L.M., 2014. Do school-based interventions focusing on physical activity, fitness, or fundamental movement skill competency produce a sustained impact in these outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review of follow-up studies.Sports Medicine,44(1), pp.67-79. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. MilanoviĆ¡, Z., PanteliĆ¡, S., Spori, G., Mohr, M. and Krustrup, P., 2015. Health-related physical fitness in healthy untrained men: Effects on VO 2 max, jump performance and flexibility of soccer and moderate-intensity continuous running.PloS one,10(8), p.e0135319. Myers, J., McAuley, P., Lavie, C.J., Despres, J.P., Arena, R. and Kokkinos, P., 2015. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status.Progress in cardiovascular diseases,57(4), pp.306-314. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Plowman, S.A. and Smith, D.L., 2013.Exercise physiology for health fitness and performance. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Randers, M.B., Petersen, J., Andersen, L.J., Krustrup, B.R., Hornstrup, T., Nielsen, J.J., Nordentoft, M. and Krustrup, P., 2012. Short-term street soccer improves fitness and cardiovascular health status of homeless men.European journal of applied physiology,112(6), pp.2097-2106. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Smith, J.J., Eather, N., Morgan, P.J., Plotnikoff, R.C., Faigenbaum, A.D. and Lubans, D.R., 2014. The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sports medicine,44(9), pp.1209-1223. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, W.R., 2014. Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2015: whats driving the market.ACSM's Health Fitness Journal,18(6), pp.8-17. Vancampfort, D., Probst, M., Scheewe, T., De Herdt, A., Sweers, K., Knapen, J., van Winkel, R. and De Hert, M., 2013. Relationships between physical fitness, physical activity, smoking and metabolic and mental health parameters in people with schizophrenia.Psychiatry research,207(1), pp.25-32. Vasconcellos, F., Seabra, A., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Bouskela, E. and Farinatti, P., 2014. Physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents: systematic review of the effects on physical fitness components and cardiovascular risk factors.Sports medicine,44(8), pp.1139-1152.

Tradition Hinders Progress Essay Example

Tradition Hinders Progress Paper Tradition is the enemy of progress Weather its religious traditions preventing the study of the dead for better understanding of the living to the churches traditions stopping the progress into the realization that the Earth is not the center of the universe or to take something recent Umbilical cord debates over weather to use them for life saving stem cell research. Tradition is the common enemy among Progress into the future people want the results of science we live our lives due to science but often many of our general populous does not agree with the means we use to get the radical discoveries of science. I can see how traditions can hinder progress:if you subscribe to past ideals it can deter from advancement. If we are going to look back at what Mary and John did in the past to solve a problem every time, then how are we going to move forward? What am saying is that look back once or twice get the formula then learn and apply that knowledge, improve on it then build but we keep going back and back and back and back!! It is in fact the enemy for progress. I think that traditions do prevent progess. The best example of this can be seen rulal areas where knowledge is just passed over from one generation to another and children are not allowed to study more they are just used as a labour. Another example is of early marriage of girls who are married at an age of 10 or 11 which ruin their lives. in the end i would like to conclude that these tradions r blocking our way to new things. First, what is tradition? And also what is progress? We will write a custom essay sample on Tradition Hinders Progress specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tradition Hinders Progress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tradition Hinders Progress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tradition is a natural enemy to progress because progress is the antithesis to tradition. The words are antonyms. However, if you mean, for example, the belief in God being an obstacle to progress, or anything along that line, that is beyond a question of tradition and progress. I hope we are speaking just of scientific inquiry. Otherwise, this topic doesnt work well as an argument because the natural and supernatural are different, and thus cannot be easily compared. in many ways it is. hings like religion, and marriage stand in the way. religion is telling people how to think and what to do rather than have people think for themselves and adjust to the times and environment appropriately. yes tradition is an obstacle to progress. TRADITIONS ARE UNWRITTEN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS THAT ARE HANDED DOWN FROM GENERATIONS TO GENERATIONS .. PROGRESS MEANS TO ADVANCE FROM ONE STAGE TO ANOTHER WE HAVE NEVER BEEN DEVELOPED FROM OUR ANCESTORS RATHER WE ARE HEADING TOWARDS DESTRUCTION BY BREAKING T HE TRADITIONAL VALUES. TRADITION INVOKES THE PRINCIPLE THAT OLD WAYS OF DOING THINGS ARE MORE SAFER, MORE RELIABLE AND HENCE BETTER THAN THE NEW ONES , WHICH ARE BASED ON UNTESTED WAYS . IN SHORT OLD IS GOLD . IN TRADITION OLD PRACTICES HAVE VALUES SIMPLY BECAUSE THEY ARE OLD OR AT LEAST THEY GIVES US A SENSE OF CONTINUITY WITH THE PAST . IN CONTRAST MODERN CONCEPT OF PROGRESS DISCARDS TRADITION AS OBSOLETE AND DISPROVEN . THE MODERN CONCEPT SAYS IF IF THE OLDER TRADITIONAL IDEAS ARE SUPPOSEDLY THE BETTER ONES THEN THE MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL IDEAS ARE EVEN SUPERRIOR think that traditions are just what we believe in blindly. take an example of superstitions we say if we sneeze once then it is a bad omen but if we sneeze twice it becomes our lucky charm. how many of us in this busy life pay attention n count their sneezes. we have often beliefs that if we wear this ring our future will be fruitful and also we see many now if that would be the case then there would be no need to study well wear a ring and not s tudy hard and get a gud result. hat we need is good judging of things taking place in our society. we say we come across a badluck when a black cat cuts our way. if it is so then if a student is studious n he is going to give interview n he is well deserved but when he is on his way a cat cuts off his path it means no need to go to give interview u r failed. we should change our mentality as we emerge into new time being or else well lag behind still following old and useless customs which have no value and no profit in this time.

Duyhane Miller teen spending Essays (721 words) - Culture

Duyhane Miller Professor Himelstein MRKT 331 Teenage subculture June 04, 2017 Teenage Subculture and Consumer buying. When you hear the word, teenagers, you think of a group of children between the ages of 13-20 who are irresponsible, selfish and very annoying. However, these children especially those we consider to be "millennials" are transitioning from childhood to adulthood and it can be a very trying time. There is no doubt that teenagers spend an incredible amount of money throughout their early adolescence because they are now developi ng a sense of money importance. Teenagers spend money frivolously and it's a known fact. There is always the occasional teenager who is very respo nsible for his/her age and they show us that there is some hope for the rest of them. Ultimately, we learn that teenagers spend money on what they think is necessary as opposed to what is very necessary. The money they earn from working is generated towards going out with friends or buying clothes or concert tickets all while still being financially supported by mom and dad. The socioeconomic background teenagers are placed in are dealt with by their parents. You have the teenagers who are above or below the poverty, Lower/middle/upper-middle class teenager, and the teenager who belongs to the wealthy one percent. Depending on the economic class the teenager is born in there spending can range from moderate to severe , but the fact remains that teenagers still receive a bulk of their money from their parents . The kids who are born into the wealthy one percent often receive a credit card that has no limit or get thousands of dollars' worth of spending money per week. They can spend their money on name brands like Gucci, Prada and Chanel a nd they can also spend money on expensive and lavish restaurants. As parents, we are our children's first teachers and it is our job to teach them what is right and wrong. Teens spend most of their money on three categories: food, clothing and personal care. According to business insider Nike, Forever21, Victoria's Secrets, and Nordstrom are on the top ten list of clothing brands preferred by teenagers. I found this statistic to be not so surprising because these brands appeal to teenagers who play sports or are interested in fashion and they also appeal to their sexual nature. Teens are beginning to develop their sex and what makes them appealing to the opposite sex. Stores like Victoria Secrets appeal to teenagers because of their marketing strategy, they use young and fit models who are active on the social media platform like Kylie Jenner, Bella and Gigi Hadid. Socia l Media plays an important part in teen subculture and consumer buying. Teens are drawn to social media. They spend most of their day on social media platforms like Sn apchat, Instagram and Facebook . The platforms are a major hub for advertising for businesses aiming towards the youth demographic. The best way to reach teens is through their phones, an object they are on almost all day. The advertisements are placed throughout the app and often teens get intrigued by something they see on multiple surfaces. For example, celebrities have been advertising strapless silicone bras that promise a lift without the added hassle of any straps. Kids see is on their Instagram or facebook about fifty times for the day and they automatically think "maybe I should give it a try" from their they give their opinion and their friends order their bras and the cycle starts over. Free publicity works in the favor of the company because now they have extra money to put int o th e development of their product. Teens are the ideal consumers for most companies because they are impressionable. If Beyonce i s advertising shoes that are twent y inches high she would be starting a trend that millions of teenagers will follow. They tend to follow what is new and current because most of the time new and current is exciting. I find teenage subcultures to be interesting because there are so many factors that influence them, everything from their parents down to the celebrities who glorify material objects. They

Beauty and the Beat essays

Beauty and the Beat essays Beauty and the Beat; Comparing Mya Harrison and Carl Thomas The truth is out. We listen to Rll be taking over airwaves this summer. She is a 21 year old, grown diva-to-be, a classically trained dancer from DC and more of a woman than you think. He is a twenty something new jack crooner from Chi-Town, enjoying his first major success with a wrenching forget-me-not love song. Their personalities could not be more different. He talks loud with his hand gesturing wildly as to illustrate every syllable. She whispers, rarely making eye contact. He is annoyingly optimistic. She is maddeningly soft-spoken. He is flirtatious but not necessarily sexy. She is sexy but not forward. But there is a common thread here: Mya Harrison and Carl Thomas are dropping two of the hottest R Imagine loving someone so strong, that, years after realizing youll never be together, you still find yourself daydreaming about what should have been. Carl Thomass runaway hit single, I Wish, is a melancholy message based on a true story. But even if you can relate, there is some old school-depth in Carls Las Vegas-lounge act delivery. When he wails that line about wishing he had never met her, you understand him. His voice is not Luther Vandross- Flawless, and he has not reinvented the wheel when it comes to lyrics, yet that single word has the world open for Emotional, his debut album. And if his goal is to capture a moment he has done it with I Wish. When it comes to a record that defines a season and instantly bring back a poignant ...

Congressional Oversight & Strategic Intelligence Essay

Congressional Oversight & Strategic Intelligence - Essay Example The Congress approved this procedure to limit Congress’ participation during emergency situations such as the Iran hostage crisis, as a way of establishing operational secrecy. This is to the effect that even when limited advance notification has been cut down, the President must work in consultation with the eight members of the Congress, known as the Gang of Eight. This therefore means that Congress: established operational secrecy in strategic covert action programmes; and must also participate with the President in consultation with him. This consultative and advisory role still abides, even after the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence [HPSCI] replaced the Gang of Eight, under the FY2010 Intelligence Authorisation Act (Cumming, 2011, p. 6). Although Congress lacks the authority to veto direct covert action, yet it, through the Gang of Eight Members has the mandate and responsibility of influencing the time-frame and the modus operandi of a strategic covert action programme. Through its Gang of Eight Members, Congress is also able to control funding for strategic covert actions. Initially, Congress even made annual provisions for covert actions, from the CIA’s Reserve for Contingency Fund. Presently, all it takes for Congress to control funding for covert actions is for the Gang of Eight, two Congressional committee chairmen and ranking members to agree to oppose continued funding for a specific covert action (Hastedt, 2012, p. 2). On a personal standpoint, the system is effective since it allows Congress to: play advisory roles [and thereby warding off the excesses of the executive]; [and] while also paving way for emergency situations, as is provided for by the US Law. What reforms should be made to strike the delicate balance between the executive and the Congress, so as to facilitate and give accurate meaning to strategic covert action [if the imbalance is fundamental breach to the US

Kevin Carter pulitzer prize winning image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kevin Carter pulitzer prize winning image - Essay Example ide area of the land which has the lighter colors, is the Black child on his four limbs with his head to the ground, seemingly being supported by his right hand. Just a few inches behind him is a vulture on its feet, positioned in a way that makes it appear that it is imitating the child’s raised shoulders. The sizes of the two images are not greatly different and this makes the balance in the photo. The child, being near the photographer, appears to be bigger than the bird but one might just assume the difference in their sizes. Nevertheless, their size and color make the two as the dominant figures. The two focal images have dark hues which contrast their environment. Coincidentally, the child has a white necklace and bracelet that is comparable to the color of the vulture’s feet and beak. The feathers of the bird and the skin of the child are smooth, in contrast to the rough texture of the ground with the dry soil, pebbles and stones scattered around and the dried gr asses. Such elements of photography, aside from the sensitive social issue, make the photograph a real

Gender stereotypes in the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender stereotypes in the media - Essay Example When analyzing several commercials from Gender Stereotype (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSIEXtDElOM), specific roles can be seen that are based on expectations of each gender. The first set of gender stereotypes presented in the first commercial show a distinct difference between the masculine and feminine roles. The male is seen working at a computer, which implies the function that men are supposed to have in society. When the woman comes into the room, she immediately begins undressing and getting into lingerie. Throughout the commercial, the woman represents the sex object that is able to entice men. Even though she walks in with a business suit, it becomes secondary to the lingerie. The masculine role is furthered by this when the sexual representation of the woman is able to interrupt the work that the man is doing in the commercial. More importantly, other men that see this on the webcam show the appeal to the sex object and the concept of men is based on the corporate and work figure. The second commercial that is used implies the same concepts about gender stereotype. The female figure is again seen as a sexual object through the lack of actions that she takes. She is seen bathing in the sun with a skimpy bikini and is unaware of what is occurring around her. The male is in the background with a fake lawn mower, which he is using to watch the woman. The gender role of the woman is based on creating a specific sexual object and figure, while the male looking at the female implies a working man that can easily be distracted or changed by watching the opposite sex. The third commercial holds to the same gender stereotypes that are incorporated in the media. There are several women that are seen throughout the commercial. Each are wearing shorter dresses, even with the work clothes that they are wearing. The size and figure of each of the women is a skinnier look, with

The Branding Luxury Brand Valentino Marketing Essay

The Branding Luxury Brand Valentino Marketing Essay A luxury brand or prestige brand is a brand for which a majority of its products are luxury goods. It may also include certain brands whose names are associated with luxury, high price, or high quality, though few, if any, of their goods are currently considered luxury goods. Luxury goods are said to have high income elasticity of demand: as people become wealthier, they will buy more and more of the luxury good. This also means, however, that should there be a decline in income its demand will drop. Income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income, and may change sign at different levels of income. That is to say, a luxury good may become a normal good or even an inferior good at different income levels, e.g. a wealthy person stops buying increasing numbers of luxury cars for his automobile collection to start collecting airplanes (at such an income level, the luxury car would become an inferior good). Valentino: haute contour dressing: The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A is a natural extension of the Marzotto Groups industrial experience. Over the years, through specific acquisitions aimed to strengthen their presence in the clothing sector, it has gradually shifted approaches, becoming less production-oriented and more fashion-driven and market-oriented. The fashion industry is a highly competitive industry, where product life cycles are short. The economies gained by product differentiation are built on brand image and product styling can be quickly imitated. These developments force firms to innovate at a rapid pace, denying them the benefit of lasting advantage. Valentino includes the following brands: Valentino, Valentino Garavani, Valentino Roma e RED Valentino. It operates in the upper end of the fashion and luxury market, offering exclusive products in the couture, ready-to-wear, designer, diffusion and bridge segments. Nature of the Brand: This business unit gets its name from Valentino Garavani, the undisputed master of haute couture and one of the leading representatives of Italian style and creativity in the world of fashion and luxury. In over 45 years of being in business, his collections have dressed and accessorised top international celebrities time and time again. Its image of glamour, exclusivity and strong style make Valentino a brand well known for the sophistication and elegance of its creations. Valentino Haute Couture offers a variety of collections made up of unique items singularly handcrafted in the prestigious atelier situated in Rome. A team of about 40 Premiere is entirely dedicated to the highest quality manufacturing of one of a kind precious creation. Valentino Prà ªt-à  -Porter presents sophisticated, exclusive lines for women and men intended for an elegant, but unconventional young clientele belonging to the new international jet-set. Valentino surprised everyone with a revamped vision of haute couture a reference to a new, younger target market who loves the exquisiteness and exclusiveness of the upper end of fashion. The collection is colourful, with saturated neon tones. Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pier Paolo Piccioli bring us the wilder side of the Valentino woman. With fluorescent bustier, translucent garments and tulle leggings, this is a truly revamped collection that experiments with new silhouettes. The designers are sure about one thing: this collection is designed for a younger audience. The brand took inspiration from a lush, colourful interpretation of Eden full of birds, innocence and sensuality. Target Market: Valentino have made their Spring Summer 2010 campaign a tribute to their revamped target market. Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pier Paolo Piccioli are thinking of a new generation of clients, and theyve revamped their target market in collaboration with Cole Mohr and Dree Hemingway. Their party dresses look more youthful, and their unique fairies have inspired new designs featuring organza in gold, pink and nude tones. Brand Positioning: The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A plays a vital role in the world of fashion and luxury, with a rich and well-diversified portfolio of products which includes clothing, accessories, and footwear for men and women. In the highly discriminating world of fashion and luxury, few players have gained the international fame the Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A has achieved. The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A offers an array of complementary brands characterised by a consolidated global presence, excellent brand awareness, and strong product recognition. The groups activities are broken down into two business units, covering the entire luxury and fashion sector where a wide range of styles and products are offered: Valentino, featuring the prestigious brands Valentino, Valentino Garavani, Valentino Roma and RED Valentino Licensed brands MCS Marlboro Classics and M Missoni, in addition to its own brands Lebole, Oxon and Portrait. Until 23 December 2009 there were three business units, which even included Hugo Boss, a company which was relinquished on that date and therefore no longer a part of the consolidated group. The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A operates in over 110 countries, with more than 1,600 single-brand boutiques and 433 directly-managed shops. The Groups consolidated revenue for the 2008 financial year is approximately 2.206,9 million. More than 13.081 employees work in directly controlled companies and branches spread across 28 countries. Its no secret that Valentino has been sending the costume department of Gossip Girl clothes and accessories almost every main female character on the show, save maybe Vanessa and Lily van der Woodsen, have sported Valentino bags, dresses, and even headbands more than once.   One recent episode even revolves around Jenny and a fiasco involving a one-of-a-kind red Valentino gown.   At first, I thought product placement there was too much of the brand for it not to be a coincidence.   But is the Gossip Girl market really Valentinos target market?   Apparently it is now: the brand is going for rapid expansion and one if their main checkpoint is To attract a younger, trendier consumer while not losing the brands current clientele.   And there you have it, product placement at work. C:UsersmansiPicturesVFG_organigramma_201002_eng.jpg Brand Promise: Todays fashion world is a framework, which enhances values such as style and research, creativity and innovation, technology and craftsmanship. Its distinctive feature is the skill to merge many spirits into a harmonious balance. The real protagonists in this global scene are those who offer proposals charged with irresistible value and designed to integrate an extensive variety of products and trademarks by converging the offers quality and variety and consumer satisfaction. The goal is: To be the fashion worlds protagonists in the fashion and luxury sectors. Ensuring the highest quality standards in all market segments we serve. Steadily focusing on the demands of an unwaveringly evolving cosmopolite consumer. Pursue excellence and innovation by establishing an on-going dialogue between passion and experience. Brand Essence: Increasing the value of human resources, work in team and development of individual skills are the key for the VFG success. People that we are looking for should be active and determined, with spirit of enterprise and innovative capacity; they put themselves on the line and give all their best in everything they do. Creativity and quality the central factors of creative processes detailed research and skilled choice of materials; total control of all processing phases Differentiation and selection multiple styles; an extensive diversified offer Flexibility and efficiency excellent production processes and logistics; sourcing management designed to ensure the highest product quality Continuity and innovation enhancement of each brands distinctive features; application of advanced techniques to the management of global brands; consistent strategic choices for global development Ethics integrity, fairness and transparency in business relations with all stakeholders; total compliance with international laws and regulations concerning labour protection The consumers central role never failing to keep in mind that we concretise our Consumers dreams. Research and Evidence: Article # 1435: VALENTINO FASHION GROUP 2008 RESULTS: TURNOVER UP 5% AT CONSTANT EXCHANGE RATES AND EBITDA STABLE Milan, April 17th 2009 Valentino Fashion Groups consolidated net turnover in 2008 rose to 2.206,9 million Euro, an increase of 3% at current exchange rates and 5% at constant exchange rates, compared to 2007. This result reflects the positive performance of Hugo Boss (turnover up 6% at constant exchange rates), of Valentino (turnover up 5% at constant exchange rates) and of the other brands belonging to the Group (turnover up 5% at constant exchange rates, with the M Missoni licensed brand posting an increase of 27%). Hugo Boss. Despite very difficult market conditions, Hugo Boss strengthened its market leading position internationally. Hugo Boss broadly flat revenues in a subdued German market were counterbalanced by sales increase in other markets. Sales in Germany were 357 million Euro (down 1%), while sales in the Americas and in Asia enjoyed double digit increases: in 2008 sales in the Americas increased to 307 million Euro (+10% at constant exchange rates) while in Asia/Pacific sales rose to 162 million Euro (+25% at constant exchange rates). Valentino. The considerable growth of Valentino in the first half of the year was offset by the negative performance of the retail business in the second half of the year, following the gradual worsening of the international macroeconomic environment. Valentinos core markets, Europe and the US, both suffered, posting respective turnovers of 130 million Euro (-1%) and 50 million Euro (-5% at constant exchange rates). By contrast, the Asian markets held up well as sales increased to 56 million Euro (+19% at constant exchange rates). Revenues at Valentino Fashion Groups direct operated stores channel increased to 390 million Euro, up 7% compared to 2007. This increase reflects the expansion of the retail network, which amounted to 433 points of sale at the end of 2008 (December 2007: 369). Valentino Fashion Group EBITDA, adjusted for one-off costs relating to management changes at the Board of Hugo Boss and the reorganization of the Group, reached 320,4 million Euro (14,5% on revenues), broadly stable compared to the prior year (330,3 million Euro), with an Operating Income of 248,3 million Euro (11,3% on revenues), a decrease of 7% compared to 2007. Stefano Sassy, CEO of Valentino Fashion Group, commented: The group posted solid turnover growth and succeeded in maintaining its profitability despite challenging market conditions in 2008. The outlook for 2009 remains difficult and the Group acted quickly to optimize processes and save costs where necessary. Notwithstanding the uncertainty of the current environment, we are confident that the breadth and strength of our brands leaves us well positioned to deliver on our ambitious growth objectives in the medium term. February 17 2010 Valentino supports Francesca Rava N.P.H. Italia Onlus Foundation for Haiti children Milan, 17th February 2010 During Milan and Paris fashion weeks, the House of Valentino will support an initiative of great significance and value to benefit Haiti children. In collaboration with Francesca Rava N.P.H Italia Onlus Foundation (www.nphitalia.org), forever engaged in continuous charitable activity throughout Haiti, Valentino boutiques of Via Montenapoleone and Avenue Montaigne will host an exclusive evening starting from 6:30 pm: Milan on 24th February and Paris on 10th March. Valentino Creative Directors Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pier Paolo Piccioli, profoundly involved in this important project, will personally take part to both events to present an exclusive t-shirt expressly created by them to support the initiative. This significant item will be available in both boutiques throughout Milan and Paris fashion weeks respectively. All t-shirt profits will be entirely donated to Francesca Rava Foundation, which during the Paris event will collaborate with N.P.H. France, to support focused rehabilitation and medical-surgical programs. Day to day beneficial mission involves working towards providing a physically and emotionally new alternative life to all children affected by Haiti earthquake. This special t-shirt will also be available on valentino.com website starting from March 15th. All proceeds will once again be devolved to sustain this significant charitable project. During Milan and Paris fashion weeks, the House of Valentino will continue to actively support the same initiative by devolving part of Montenapoleone and Montaigne boutique in store sales. In collaboration with photographer Stefano Guindani, the book HAITI through the eye of stefano guindani will be available for purchase in Valentino Milan and Paris boutiques. This unique volume, published by Electa, is the pure result of an extensive and in depth photo reportage from Stefano Guindani. Entirely dedicated to Haiti children and withholding images featuring voyages performed prior to the tragic earthquake, this book has recently highlighted many endless dramatic events linked to a country devastated by poverty and civil battles. All book profits will be entirely donated to Francesca Rava N.P.H Italia Onlus Foundation. The House of Valentino dedicates total commitment towards this important philanthropic operation, triggering awareness around the internationally proclaimed immense emergency for Haiti children.

Henry V Represents the More Selfish Side

â€Å"Henry V represents the more selfish side of Kingship† Shakespeare creates two ways for the audience to see King Henry V. One way is King Henry being a gracious, caring king. The other way Shakespeare has created for the audience to see is King Henry being a selfish, cold king. Many people do believe that King Henry V is depicted as a selfish and cold hearted king who is not concerned or worried about the human cost of war. I believe the contrary. I believe that King Henry V was a loving and caring King towards the people of his country and family.In Act one scene one (line 39-40) Canterbury describes King Henry V as a thoughtful and devout ruler. â€Å"Hear him but reason in divinity, and all-admiring, with and inward wish, you would desire the king were made a prelate. † This indicates that the people of his country appreciate him and sees him as a considerate and divine king. King Henry V always tryst to stand by his Kingdom and protect it however he can. As he notices the assassination plot of Scroop, Cambridge and Gray in act one scene two (line 76-79) he sentences them to death.Though Scroop, Cambridge and Gray are his friends he still stands by his Kingdom to keep it safe. â€Å"The mercy that quick in us but late By your own counsel is suppress’d and kill’d. You must not dare for shame to talk of mercy, for your own reasons turn into your bosoms,† In act four King Henry V is sharing the concerns of the common soldiers. His bravery and courage are reflected in his soldiers; especially after his speech about ‘St Crispin’s Day’ In act four scene 3 (line 18-67). This day is called the feast of crispian. He that outlives this day and comes safe home†¦ He shall see this day and live old age, will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbors, And say ‘tomorrow is saint crispian†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows that King Henry V is heroic to his soldiers and gives them faith and courage by this speech sh owing high spirits and strength. After the Battle (Act 5 scene 2) King Henry V proposes to princess Katharine of France.Though he has the power to force her to marry him, he decides to try to convince her by admiring her and telling her that she will have a good life with him as a husband. â€Å"But in loving me you should love the friend of France†¦ I will have it all mine; and, Kate, when France is mine and I am yours, then yours is France, and you are mine. † (line 167-169) Overall I think that King Henry V is a caring King with courage and a lot of Strength. He stands by his country and supports and protects it with all his faith and strength .

Plastic Surgery

There are no secrets that the world is getting more open minded idea of plastic surgery. Cosmetic procedures become a trend among people who are seeking a way to improve their appearance, because everyone wants to be more attractive and pretty. In some countries, plastic surgeon is as common as supermarket. For example, Korea is number one in the world in term of plastic surgery. One of five Korean admitted that they have done cosmetic procedure. Because of the image centric culture in today’s society, more and more people tend to get plastic surgery in order to please the majority standards of beauty. Plastic surgery is just a swallow way in order to conform to this image centric society majority’s standards. People should not just only pursue the ephemeral appearance and overlook the permanent of inside beauty. Plastic surgery is an unnatural way to change people’s appearance. During the surgery, people can effectively improve their appearance in short time. The most common types of surgery such as Botox injection, breast lift and double eyelids surgery are the poplar surgeries that people usually get. Besides, cosmetic surgery is very costly. Surgeons need to spend around thousand dollars for every diagnosis. Furthermore, Cosmetic surgery is actually an operation. That mean the patients need to take risk on the surgery, and the surgery is not also 100 percent success. The operation is very painful and the patients need to take a long time to recover their body. In spite of all the risk they take and the expensive of the surgery, every year, there have uncountable people are still willing to take action on surgery in order to conform to someone else’s standards of beauty. This is what our society look like; the standards of beauty are completely twisted, people are more care about the appearance than their health. It is really understand some people try to get cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance because not t not everyone have an angel face when they born with. That is the reason that people just try to found a way to get satisfied about their appearance. Can we blame on the people who get plastic surgery? No, it is not their fault. This is actually the fault of our society, the fault of human concept. Because of our image centric society, people judge others just only form their appearance. People usually make fun on the person who is ugly or fat, and the ridiculous reason just because the person who born with an unperfected face. Some people are never know about how the disadvantage of an ugly face. Because of the pathological moral concept of this society, plastic surgery is the best way to help some people to conform to someone else’s standards of beauty. The sad thing is plastic surgery can just only change about people’s appearance, it cannot change people’s thought. What people should care more is the moral beauty more than the appearance. That is no reason for us to change our appearance and beauty standards just to conform to someone. The standard of beauty is just an indiscernible thing, and it should be more personal thing which belongs to you. The way to change people’s appearance is not to change about the out looking, is about how to change people’s thought. Plastic Surgery Name: Anna Teacher: Taliasin Subject: writing Date: March 22th 2013 Reseach Essay: Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the best-known kind of plastic surgery, most plastic surgery is not cosmetic; plastic surgery includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. (Kita) There are two types of plastic surgery: cosmetic plastic surgery and reconstructive plastic surgery.Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance. Cosmetic su rgery involves techniques intend for the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques.It is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. Some common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction plasty. Wikipedia) There are many types of cosmetic surgery, such as Tummy tuck, Eyelid surgery, Mammoplasty, Lower-body lift, Chemical peel, Labiaplasty, Nose job, Ear surgery, Facelift, Liposuction, Brow lift, Chin augmentation, Cheek augmentation, Cheek lift, Collagen injections and Fat injections, etc. (Nordqvist) And double eyelid surgery is the simplest cosmetic surgery. In A sia, may be a lot of people think that Koreans are the group of people who are most interested in cosmetic surgery. But this idea should be changed because there is data shows that cosmetic surgery in other countries is also very popular, especially in China and India.A few years ago, the international Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Association investigated the quantity of surgery and non-operative procedure face-lifting of 25 countries; the data include the 75% of the total global plastic surgery. The data shows, the plastic surgery number in America occupied 17. 5% of the total; Brazil is the second; and China's the third, occupied 12. 7% of the total; India followed it at fourth. It is important to note that Korea is famous for plastic surgery, but it is arranged at the seventh. Instead, China is the most popular country in cosmetic surgery.According to the article â€Å"Nip and tuck; cosmetic surgery†, China performs more cosmetic surgery than any country except America and Bra zil. It is worth $2. 4 billion. At least 1. 3m licensed procedures were carried out in 2010 in China. ((US))The development of cosmetic surgery is really rapidly because China is growing wealth and beauty is deemed an advantage in many competitive workplaces. People looking for a job have to submit a photograph with their application. People's Ninth Hospital is the busiest hospital for cosmetic surgery in Shanghai.There were 50,000 cosmetic operations in 2011, a 50% increase in five years. Most patients are 20s age. The three most common procedures they required are double eyelid surgery, liposuction and nose jobs. People who want to have plastic surgery need to assume risk because sometimes plastic surgery may fail and have serious consequences. Some people have a failing plastic surgery and spend more money to remedy it, but at last they still became disabled. A Chinese star who named Wang Bei has died because of cosmetic surgery.She wanted to have a facial bone grinding operation , but when she was having the surgery, the blood flow into her weasand. Although she was rescued as much as possible, she still died at last. This created a great sensation to the society. Tong Xiao is a 21-year-old student in the city of Hangzhou who deeply regrets her nose job. She spent 3,500 yuan to make her nose bigger by using silica gel before she went to university. But she soon felt uneasy about the cheap gel. A year later, she stole 10,000 yuan from her father to replace the gel with a material similar to Gore-Tex.Unfortunately, the second surgery failed. Ten months later her nose was too painful to touch. She had to keep telling herself that this is the price of beauty. There is some detailed information on the disadvantages of plastic surgery, such as complications, possibility of physical disability and addiction. (Disadvantages Of Plastic Surgery) One of the most obvious shortcomings of plastic surgery is the risk of complications. Our body is sensitive, if something g oes wrong during or after the plastic surgery, it will result in an infection or illness.We also shouldn’t ignore the possibility of physical disability. If you become disabled, you will feel more painful than remaining your original appearance. In addition, some people may be addicted in plastic surgery. They look forward to change more parts of their body after they did it once successfully. However, since plastic surgery is so popular, it must have the advantages can attract people a lot. First of all, a beautiful appearance can improve one’s chances in the job market and help one’s career.Let us assume, some jobs related to public relations, mass media or other things require pleasant appearances, which may represent the image of the department or group, like airline stewardess and Miss Sales. In the second place, plastic surgery helps people gain confidence which makes them have more courage to do many things and enhance the probability of success. Because many people lack confidence for they don’t have good looks. Thirdly, with the development of technology and medical science, the risks and costs of plastic surgery can be minimized.And people won’t pay so much money to become more beautiful. Nowadays, public opinion for the cosmetic surgery has many different views. According to the survey analysis, the public opinion about cosmetic surgery can be classified into three types: one is support by action; the second is that people understand it but won’t do it themselves; the third is disagreeing with cosmetic surgery. The development of science and technology and change of notion of people respectively make cosmetic surgery more popular. Cosmetic surgery is wonderful and magical by using the technology and science to some extent.Some people choose cosmetic surgery because a beautiful appearance is their choice of purpose. Some people choose cosmetic surgery due to inborn or accident disfigurement of body. A few peo ple choose cosmetic surgery in order to look like their idol. Person who understands it but won’t do it themselves because people’s education and concept are changing as time goes by. So, most people accept this phenomenon calmly. They would not do it for the investigation of surgery and the damage of body. People who disagree with it because they think cosmetic surgery is really harmful for body.A person's appearance cannot represent his behavior, people’s inner is more important than his appearance. In my opinion, it depends on different conditions. Only people themselves can decide if plastic surgery is right for them. Meanwhile, they should know much information and think deliberately before they make a decision. In addition, having plastic surgery does not necessarily mean neglecting inner beauty. It is understood that some companies would not hire a person only with an appealing appearance but without enough capability.Real beauty is a combination of exter nal and internal beauty. It includes excellence behavior, character and education. Therefore, we should have confidence and be positive. Work cited BIBLIOGRAPHY (US), The Economist. â€Å"Nip and tuck; cosmetic surgery. † 12 May 2012. http://0-go. galegroup. com. ilsprod. lib. neu. edu/ps/infomark. do? sPage=52;userGroupName=mlin_b_northest;prodId=PROF;searchType=AdvancedSearchForm;queryId=Locale%28en%2CUS%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28sn%2C9%290013-0613%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28vo%2C3%29403%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28sp%2C. Disadvantages Of Plastic Surgery. † n. d. http://lifestyle. iloveindia. com/lounge/disadvantages-of-plastic-surgery-5535. html. Kita, Natalie. â€Å"What is Plastic Surgery? † 10 March 2009. http://plasticsurgery. about. com/od/historyofplasticsurgery/a/what_is_PS. htm. NordqvistChristian. â€Å"What Is Cosmetic Surgery? What Is Plastic Surgery? † 2009 ? Jun? 30 ?. http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/155757. php. Wikipedia. â€Å"Reconstructive surgery. â₠¬  27 February 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery. Plastic Surgery There are no secrets that the world is getting more open minded idea of plastic surgery. Cosmetic procedures become a trend among people who are seeking a way to improve their appearance, because everyone wants to be more attractive and pretty. In some countries, plastic surgeon is as common as supermarket. For example, Korea is number one in the world in term of plastic surgery. One of five Korean admitted that they have done cosmetic procedure. Because of the image centric culture in today’s society, more and more people tend to get plastic surgery in order to please the majority standards of beauty. Plastic surgery is just a swallow way in order to conform to this image centric society majority’s standards. People should not just only pursue the ephemeral appearance and overlook the permanent of inside beauty. Plastic surgery is an unnatural way to change people’s appearance. During the surgery, people can effectively improve their appearance in short time. The most common types of surgery such as Botox injection, breast lift and double eyelids surgery are the poplar surgeries that people usually get. Besides, cosmetic surgery is very costly. Surgeons need to spend around thousand dollars for every diagnosis. Furthermore, Cosmetic surgery is actually an operation. That mean the patients need to take risk on the surgery, and the surgery is not also 100 percent success. The operation is very painful and the patients need to take a long time to recover their body. In spite of all the risk they take and the expensive of the surgery, every year, there have uncountable people are still willing to take action on surgery in order to conform to someone else’s standards of beauty. This is what our society look like; the standards of beauty are completely twisted, people are more care about the appearance than their health. It is really understand some people try to get cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance because not t not everyone have an angel face when they born with. That is the reason that people just try to found a way to get satisfied about their appearance. Can we blame on the people who get plastic surgery? No, it is not their fault. This is actually the fault of our society, the fault of human concept. Because of our image centric society, people judge others just only form their appearance. People usually make fun on the person who is ugly or fat, and the ridiculous reason just because the person who born with an unperfected face. Some people are never know about how the disadvantage of an ugly face. Because of the pathological moral concept of this society, plastic surgery is the best way to help some people to conform to someone else’s standards of beauty. The sad thing is plastic surgery can just only change about people’s appearance, it cannot change people’s thought. What people should care more is the moral beauty more than the appearance. That is no reason for us to change our appearance and beauty standards just to conform to someone. The standard of beauty is just an indiscernible thing, and it should be more personal thing which belongs to you. The way to change people’s appearance is not to change about the out looking, is about how to change people’s thought. Plastic Surgery Name: Anna Teacher: Taliasin Subject: writing Date: March 22th 2013 Reseach Essay: Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the best-known kind of plastic surgery, most plastic surgery is not cosmetic; plastic surgery includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. (Kita) There are two types of plastic surgery: cosmetic plastic surgery and reconstructive plastic surgery.Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance. Cosmetic su rgery involves techniques intend for the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques.It is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. Some common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction plasty. Wikipedia) There are many types of cosmetic surgery, such as Tummy tuck, Eyelid surgery, Mammoplasty, Lower-body lift, Chemical peel, Labiaplasty, Nose job, Ear surgery, Facelift, Liposuction, Brow lift, Chin augmentation, Cheek augmentation, Cheek lift, Collagen injections and Fat injections, etc. (Nordqvist) And double eyelid surgery is the simplest cosmetic surgery. In A sia, may be a lot of people think that Koreans are the group of people who are most interested in cosmetic surgery. But this idea should be changed because there is data shows that cosmetic surgery in other countries is also very popular, especially in China and India.A few years ago, the international Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Association investigated the quantity of surgery and non-operative procedure face-lifting of 25 countries; the data include the 75% of the total global plastic surgery. The data shows, the plastic surgery number in America occupied 17. 5% of the total; Brazil is the second; and China's the third, occupied 12. 7% of the total; India followed it at fourth. It is important to note that Korea is famous for plastic surgery, but it is arranged at the seventh. Instead, China is the most popular country in cosmetic surgery.According to the article â€Å"Nip and tuck; cosmetic surgery†, China performs more cosmetic surgery than any country except America and Bra zil. It is worth $2. 4 billion. At least 1. 3m licensed procedures were carried out in 2010 in China. ((US))The development of cosmetic surgery is really rapidly because China is growing wealth and beauty is deemed an advantage in many competitive workplaces. People looking for a job have to submit a photograph with their application. People's Ninth Hospital is the busiest hospital for cosmetic surgery in Shanghai.There were 50,000 cosmetic operations in 2011, a 50% increase in five years. Most patients are 20s age. The three most common procedures they required are double eyelid surgery, liposuction and nose jobs. People who want to have plastic surgery need to assume risk because sometimes plastic surgery may fail and have serious consequences. Some people have a failing plastic surgery and spend more money to remedy it, but at last they still became disabled. A Chinese star who named Wang Bei has died because of cosmetic surgery.She wanted to have a facial bone grinding operation , but when she was having the surgery, the blood flow into her weasand. Although she was rescued as much as possible, she still died at last. This created a great sensation to the society. Tong Xiao is a 21-year-old student in the city of Hangzhou who deeply regrets her nose job. She spent 3,500 yuan to make her nose bigger by using silica gel before she went to university. But she soon felt uneasy about the cheap gel. A year later, she stole 10,000 yuan from her father to replace the gel with a material similar to Gore-Tex.Unfortunately, the second surgery failed. Ten months later her nose was too painful to touch. She had to keep telling herself that this is the price of beauty. There is some detailed information on the disadvantages of plastic surgery, such as complications, possibility of physical disability and addiction. (Disadvantages Of Plastic Surgery) One of the most obvious shortcomings of plastic surgery is the risk of complications. Our body is sensitive, if something g oes wrong during or after the plastic surgery, it will result in an infection or illness.We also shouldn’t ignore the possibility of physical disability. If you become disabled, you will feel more painful than remaining your original appearance. In addition, some people may be addicted in plastic surgery. They look forward to change more parts of their body after they did it once successfully. However, since plastic surgery is so popular, it must have the advantages can attract people a lot. First of all, a beautiful appearance can improve one’s chances in the job market and help one’s career.Let us assume, some jobs related to public relations, mass media or other things require pleasant appearances, which may represent the image of the department or group, like airline stewardess and Miss Sales. In the second place, plastic surgery helps people gain confidence which makes them have more courage to do many things and enhance the probability of success. Because many people lack confidence for they don’t have good looks. Thirdly, with the development of technology and medical science, the risks and costs of plastic surgery can be minimized.And people won’t pay so much money to become more beautiful. Nowadays, public opinion for the cosmetic surgery has many different views. According to the survey analysis, the public opinion about cosmetic surgery can be classified into three types: one is support by action; the second is that people understand it but won’t do it themselves; the third is disagreeing with cosmetic surgery. The development of science and technology and change of notion of people respectively make cosmetic surgery more popular. Cosmetic surgery is wonderful and magical by using the technology and science to some extent.Some people choose cosmetic surgery because a beautiful appearance is their choice of purpose. Some people choose cosmetic surgery due to inborn or accident disfigurement of body. A few peo ple choose cosmetic surgery in order to look like their idol. Person who understands it but won’t do it themselves because people’s education and concept are changing as time goes by. So, most people accept this phenomenon calmly. They would not do it for the investigation of surgery and the damage of body. People who disagree with it because they think cosmetic surgery is really harmful for body.A person's appearance cannot represent his behavior, people’s inner is more important than his appearance. In my opinion, it depends on different conditions. Only people themselves can decide if plastic surgery is right for them. Meanwhile, they should know much information and think deliberately before they make a decision. In addition, having plastic surgery does not necessarily mean neglecting inner beauty. It is understood that some companies would not hire a person only with an appealing appearance but without enough capability.Real beauty is a combination of exter nal and internal beauty. It includes excellence behavior, character and education. Therefore, we should have confidence and be positive. Work cited BIBLIOGRAPHY (US), The Economist. â€Å"Nip and tuck; cosmetic surgery. † 12 May 2012. http://0-go. galegroup. com. ilsprod. lib. neu. edu/ps/infomark. do? sPage=52;userGroupName=mlin_b_northest;prodId=PROF;searchType=AdvancedSearchForm;queryId=Locale%28en%2CUS%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28sn%2C9%290013-0613%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28vo%2C3%29403%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28sp%2C. Disadvantages Of Plastic Surgery. † n. d. http://lifestyle. iloveindia. com/lounge/disadvantages-of-plastic-surgery-5535. html. Kita, Natalie. â€Å"What is Plastic Surgery? † 10 March 2009. http://plasticsurgery. about. com/od/historyofplasticsurgery/a/what_is_PS. htm. NordqvistChristian. â€Å"What Is Cosmetic Surgery? What Is Plastic Surgery? † 2009 ? Jun? 30 ?. http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/155757. php. Wikipedia. â€Å"Reconstructive surgery. â₠¬  27 February 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery. Plastic Surgery Name: Anna Teacher: Taliasin Subject: writing Date: March 22th 2013 Reseach Essay: Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the best-known kind of plastic surgery, most plastic surgery is not cosmetic; plastic surgery includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. (Kita) There are two types of plastic surgery: cosmetic plastic surgery and reconstructive plastic surgery.Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance. Cosmetic su rgery involves techniques intend for the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques.It is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. Some common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction plasty. Wikipedia) There are many types of cosmetic surgery, such as Tummy tuck, Eyelid surgery, Mammoplasty, Lower-body lift, Chemical peel, Labiaplasty, Nose job, Ear surgery, Facelift, Liposuction, Brow lift, Chin augmentation, Cheek augmentation, Cheek lift, Collagen injections and Fat injections, etc. (Nordqvist) And double eyelid surgery is the simplest cosmetic surgery. In A sia, may be a lot of people think that Koreans are the group of people who are most interested in cosmetic surgery. But this idea should be changed because there is data shows that cosmetic surgery in other countries is also very popular, especially in China and India.A few years ago, the international Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Association investigated the quantity of surgery and non-operative procedure face-lifting of 25 countries; the data include the 75% of the total global plastic surgery. The data shows, the plastic surgery number in America occupied 17. 5% of the total; Brazil is the second; and China's the third, occupied 12. 7% of the total; India followed it at fourth. It is important to note that Korea is famous for plastic surgery, but it is arranged at the seventh. Instead, China is the most popular country in cosmetic surgery.According to the article â€Å"Nip and tuck; cosmetic surgery†, China performs more cosmetic surgery than any country except America and Bra zil. It is worth $2. 4 billion. At least 1. 3m licensed procedures were carried out in 2010 in China. ((US))The development of cosmetic surgery is really rapidly because China is growing wealth and beauty is deemed an advantage in many competitive workplaces. People looking for a job have to submit a photograph with their application. People's Ninth Hospital is the busiest hospital for cosmetic surgery in Shanghai.There were 50,000 cosmetic operations in 2011, a 50% increase in five years. Most patients are 20s age. The three most common procedures they required are double eyelid surgery, liposuction and nose jobs. People who want to have plastic surgery need to assume risk because sometimes plastic surgery may fail and have serious consequences. Some people have a failing plastic surgery and spend more money to remedy it, but at last they still became disabled. A Chinese star who named Wang Bei has died because of cosmetic surgery.She wanted to have a facial bone grinding operation , but when she was having the surgery, the blood flow into her weasand. Although she was rescued as much as possible, she still died at last. This created a great sensation to the society. Tong Xiao is a 21-year-old student in the city of Hangzhou who deeply regrets her nose job. She spent 3,500 yuan to make her nose bigger by using silica gel before she went to university. But she soon felt uneasy about the cheap gel. A year later, she stole 10,000 yuan from her father to replace the gel with a material similar to Gore-Tex.Unfortunately, the second surgery failed. Ten months later her nose was too painful to touch. She had to keep telling herself that this is the price of beauty. There is some detailed information on the disadvantages of plastic surgery, such as complications, possibility of physical disability and addiction. (Disadvantages Of Plastic Surgery) One of the most obvious shortcomings of plastic surgery is the risk of complications. Our body is sensitive, if something g oes wrong during or after the plastic surgery, it will result in an infection or illness.We also shouldn’t ignore the possibility of physical disability. If you become disabled, you will feel more painful than remaining your original appearance. In addition, some people may be addicted in plastic surgery. They look forward to change more parts of their body after they did it once successfully. However, since plastic surgery is so popular, it must have the advantages can attract people a lot. First of all, a beautiful appearance can improve one’s chances in the job market and help one’s career.Let us assume, some jobs related to public relations, mass media or other things require pleasant appearances, which may represent the image of the department or group, like airline stewardess and Miss Sales. In the second place, plastic surgery helps people gain confidence which makes them have more courage to do many things and enhance the probability of success. Because many people lack confidence for they don’t have good looks. Thirdly, with the development of technology and medical science, the risks and costs of plastic surgery can be minimized.And people won’t pay so much money to become more beautiful. Nowadays, public opinion for the cosmetic surgery has many different views. According to the survey analysis, the public opinion about cosmetic surgery can be classified into three types: one is support by action; the second is that people understand it but won’t do it themselves; the third is disagreeing with cosmetic surgery. The development of science and technology and change of notion of people respectively make cosmetic surgery more popular. Cosmetic surgery is wonderful and magical by using the technology and science to some extent.Some people choose cosmetic surgery because a beautiful appearance is their choice of purpose. Some people choose cosmetic surgery due to inborn or accident disfigurement of body. A few peo ple choose cosmetic surgery in order to look like their idol. Person who understands it but won’t do it themselves because people’s education and concept are changing as time goes by. So, most people accept this phenomenon calmly. They would not do it for the investigation of surgery and the damage of body. People who disagree with it because they think cosmetic surgery is really harmful for body.A person's appearance cannot represent his behavior, people’s inner is more important than his appearance. In my opinion, it depends on different conditions. Only people themselves can decide if plastic surgery is right for them. Meanwhile, they should know much information and think deliberately before they make a decision. In addition, having plastic surgery does not necessarily mean neglecting inner beauty. It is understood that some companies would not hire a person only with an appealing appearance but without enough capability.Real beauty is a combination of exter nal and internal beauty. It includes excellence behavior, character and education. Therefore, we should have confidence and be positive. Work cited BIBLIOGRAPHY (US), The Economist. â€Å"Nip and tuck; cosmetic surgery. † 12 May 2012. http://0-go. galegroup. com. ilsprod. lib. neu. edu/ps/infomark. do? sPage=52;userGroupName=mlin_b_northest;prodId=PROF;searchType=AdvancedSearchForm;queryId=Locale%28en%2CUS%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28sn%2C9%290013-0613%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28vo%2C3%29403%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28sp%2C. Disadvantages Of Plastic Surgery. † n. d. http://lifestyle. iloveindia. com/lounge/disadvantages-of-plastic-surgery-5535. html. Kita, Natalie. â€Å"What is Plastic Surgery? † 10 March 2009. http://plasticsurgery. about. com/od/historyofplasticsurgery/a/what_is_PS. htm. NordqvistChristian. â€Å"What Is Cosmetic Surgery? What Is Plastic Surgery? † 2009 ? Jun? 30 ?. http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/155757. php. Wikipedia. â€Å"Reconstructive surgery. â₠¬  27 February 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery.